scholarly journals Digitization of historical wind speed observations at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Engström ◽  
Cesar Azorin-Molina ◽  
Lennart Wern ◽  
Sverker Hellström ◽  
Christophe Sturm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Wind Speed Data ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University

<p>This contribution presents the first work package (WP1) of the project “Assessing centennial wind speed variability from a historical weather data rescue project in Sweden”, funded by FORMAS – A Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (ref. 2019-00509); previously reported in EGU2019-17792-1. Under a warming climate, one of the major uncertainties on the causes driving the climate variability of winds over land (i.e., the “stilling” phenomenon and the recent “recovery” since the 2010s) is mainly due to short availability (i.e. since the 1960s) and low quality of observed wind records as stated by the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</p><p>In this study we present the first steps of a joint initiative between the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) and the University of Gothenburg aimed at filling the key gap of short availability and low quality of wind datasets, and improve the limited knowledge on the causes driving wind speed variability in a changing climate across Sweden. The aim of the WP1 is to rescue historical wind speed series available in the old weather archives at SMHI for the 1920s-1930s. 13 stations with daily wind speed data (in meters per second) during the period 1925-1938 have been selected for digitization; i.e., spanning back our records 2 decades more. To get wind observations from paper to screen we will follow the “Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue” of the World Meteorological Organization. Our protocol will consist on (i) designing a template for digitization; (ii) digitizing papers by an imaging process based on scanning and photographs; and (iii) typing numbers of wind speed data into the template. WP2 will ensure the quality and homogeneity of wind speed series rescued.</p>

Advances in the data rescue and digitization of historical wind speed observations in Sweden: the WINDGUST project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Engström ◽  
Cesar Azorin-Molina ◽  
Lennart Wern ◽  
Sverker Hellström ◽  
Christophe Sturm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The 1960S

<p>Here we present the progress of the first work package (WP1) of the project “Assessing centennial wind speed variability from a historical weather data rescue project in Sweden” (WINDGUST), funded by FORMAS – A Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (ref. 2019-00509); previously introduced in EGU2019-17792-1 and EGU2020-3491. In a global climate change, one of the major uncertainties on the causes driving the climate variability of winds (i.e., the “stilling” phenomenon and the recent “recovery” since the 2010s) is mainly due to short availability (i.e., since the 1960s) and low quality of observed wind records as stated by the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</p><p>The WINDGUST is a joint initiative between the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) and the University of Gothenburg aimed at filling the key gap of short availability and low quality of wind datasets, and improve the limited knowledge on the causes driving wind speed variability in a changing climate across Sweden.</p><p>During 2020, we worked in WP1 to rescue historical wind speed series available in the old weather archives at SMHI for the 1920s-1930s. In the process we followed the “Guidelines on Best Practices for Climate Data Rescue” of the World Meteorological Organization. Our protocol consisted on: (i) designing a template for digitization; (ii) digitizing papers by an imaging process based on scanning and photographs; and (iii) typing numbers of wind speed data into the template. We will report the advances and current status, challenges and experiences learned during the development of WP1. Until new year 2020/2021 eight out of thirteen selected stations spanning over the years 1925 to 1948 have been scanned and digitized by three staff members of SMHI during 1,660 manhours.</p>

Wind Power Generating Potential at the University of North Texas Campus

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rambod Rayegan ◽  
Yong X. Tao ◽  
Frank Y. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
North Texas ◽  
University Of North Texas ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speed Data ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
The University

This study utilizes two sets of wind speed data at 3 m above the ground surface level retrieved from two on-campus weather stations to study the wind power generating potential at the University of North Texas Campus. Weather stations have been installed approximately 5 miles away from each other. The mean wind speed data of 10 minute intervals in a one-year period from February 1st 2011 to January 31st 2012 has been adopted and analyzed. The numerical values of the dimensionless Weibull shape parameter (k) and Weibull scale parameter (c) have been determined. Monthly average wind speed and standard deviation, power generation, and power density at the sensor level for both locations has been discussed. Lower values of wind speed were found during summer months and higher during spring months. The results show that the wind power density in the area is fair enough to be considered as a renewable power source for the University. Thereafter annual energy production by using two wind turbines with nominal capacities of 100 and 3.5 kW for both weather stations has been studied. Initial costs of using each turbine to maintain power demands of selected buildings have been compared. In order to utilize wind energy, it is recommended to install highly efficient wind turbines for electricity supply of campus buildings with lower power demands. Using grant monies to maintain the initial costs of the installation of wind turbines make them economically more desirable. Since wind power potential is low during summer, PV panels as proper supplements to the power generating system are suggested.

Modifying Wind Speed Data of Manual Observation Sequence to Automatic Observation Sequence Using a PSO-Based Neural Network

2011 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 688-692
Author(s):  
Xia Xiao ◽  
Hong Chao Zuo ◽  
Wen Yu Zhang ◽  
Ju Jie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Data Sequence ◽  
Wind Speed Data ◽  
Observation Sequence ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization Technique

Recently, manual observation sequence has been gradually replaced by automatic observation sequence. The difference between manual observation sequence and automatic observation sequence is somewhat inevitable. This challenges the the homogeneity and the continuity of historical weather data, and influences atmospheric researches and applications. Therefore, based on the understanding of the influence caused by the two observation sequences, how to modify the data sequence of manual observation to automatic observation sequence has become a problem. In this paper, a model, which is a neural network based on the particle swarm optimization technique (PSONN), is established to modify the wind speed data sequence from manual observation to automatic observation. The proposed model achieves 15.6% in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) compared to manual observation data sequence. For wind speed, it could be a promising candidate for modifying manual observing data sequence to automatic observing data sequence.

Looking up in anger: translation practice in the CALL lab

ReCALL ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Teaching Model ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The University

Final-year translation teaching in the Italian department at the University of Hull involves modules using a computer-based methodology from Italian into English. These modules are taught using Translt-TIGER and TransLit-TIGER, in the forms in which they are commercially available. The aim of our courses is to use technology in order to enhance the quality of training in translation. The modules are conceived of as a move beyond traditional practice towards a type of teaching model which may be more relevant to best practices in the translation profession. Indeed it may well hasten more students beyond the noise of interlanguage to the quiddities of idiom.

scholarly journals A "Global Radiosonde and tracked-balloon Archive on Sixteen Pressure levels" (GRASP) going back to 1905 – Part 2: homogeneity adjustments for pilot balloon and radiosonde wind data

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ramella Pralungo ◽  
L. Haimberger
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Wind Speed Data ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Measurement Biases ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract. This paper describes the comprehensive homogenization of the "Global Radiosonde and tracked balloon Archive on Sixteen Pressure levels" (GRASP) wind records. Many of those records suffer from artificial shifts that need to be detected and adjusted before they are suitable for climate studies. Time series of departures between observations and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration 20th-century (NOAA-20CR) surface pressure only reanalysis have been calculated offline by first interpolating the observations to pressure levels and standard synoptic times, if needed, and then interpolating the gridded NOAA-20CR standard pressure level data horizontally to the observation locations. These difference time series are quite sensitive to breaks in the observation time series and can be used for both automatic detection and adjustment of the breaks. Both wind speed and direction show a comparable number of breaks, roughly one break in three stations. More than a hundred artificial shifts in wind direction could be detected at several US stations in the period 1938/1955. From the 1960s onward the wind direction breaks are less frequent. Wind speed data are not affected as much by measurement biases, but one has to be aware of a large fair-weather sampling bias in early years, when high wind speeds were much less likely to be observed than after 1960, when radar tracking was already common practice. This bias has to be taken into account when calculating trends or monthly means from wind speed data. Trends of both wind speed and direction look spatially more homogeneous after adjustment. With the exception of a widespread wind direction bias found in the early US network, no signs of pervasive measurement biases could be found. The adjustments can likely improve observation usage when applied during data assimilation. Alternatively they can serve as a basis for validating variational wind bias adjustment schemes. Certainly, they are expected to improve estimates of global wind trends. All the homogeneity adjustments are available in the PANGAEA archive with associated doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.823617.

The College

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Keller ◽  
Phyllis Keller
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University

What place did Harvard College have in the modern University, with its expansive central administration, research-driven faculty, ambitious and high-powered professional schools? A much more important one than this litany of potential threats might suggest. The College remained the most conspicuous and prestigious part of the University. It produced the most generous donors; it outclassed its rivals in attracting the most sought-after students; it exemplified Harvard in the public mind. And it shared in the worldly ambience of the late-twentieth-century University. For decades, Harvard College admissions was a battleground over who would be accepted and on what grounds access would be granted. The admission of Jews was a touchstone issue in the conflict between the Brahmin and meritocratic impulses from the 1920s to the 1950s. Then another problem came to the fore: how to choose a freshman class from a swelling number of qualified applicants. As selection became ever more complex and arcane, the sheer size and quality of the applicant pool enabled the dean of admissions and his staff, rather than the faculty, to define the terms of entry. The result was that classes were crafted to be outstanding in more than purely academic-intellectual terms. Intellectual superstars were a small group of near-certain admits. After that, a solid level of academic ability set an admissions floor, above which character, extracurricular activities, artistic or athletic talent, “legacy” status, and geographical diversity figured in the admissions gene pool. After the 1960s, diversity came to embrace race and gender. Chase Peterson, who was dean of admissions during the tumultuous years from 1967 to 1972, thought that during his time the criteria for selection broadened to include tenacity, perseverance, having learned something deeply and well, social generosity, intellectual openness, and strength of character. A statement on admissions desiderata in the 1990s included “honesty, fairness, compassion, altruism, leadership, and initiative” and stressed: “We place great value in a candidate’s capacity to move beyond the limits of personal achievement to involvement in the life of the community at large.” One of Dean of Admissions Wilbur Bender’s 1950s ideal admits, a “Scandinavian farm boy who skates beautifully,” had better have headed his local skating club or taught skating to inner-city youth if he hoped to get into Harvard at the century’s end.

Document design: Complex evolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Lawrie Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Document Design ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The University ◽  
E Mail

Karen A. Schriver is the author of dynamics in document design: creating texts for readers, an extensive, multidimensional portrait of what readers need from documents and of ways to integrate word and image in order to better meet those needs. She is the former codirector of the graduate program in technical communication and document design at Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). She has been a visiting professor at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands and at the University of Washington in Seattle. A popular speaker, she has presented her ideas in Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, and across the United States. Winner of five awards for her research, she now heads her own company, KSA Document Design & Research. She helps organizations improve the quality of their paper and electronic communications through strategies based on research and best practices. She is now working on a book about the nature of expertise in information design. When she is not writing, working with clients, or running to catch a plane, she spends time playing with her two crazy dogs: Cody (a Bearded Collie) and Tika (a little Muttley). She can be contacted via e-mail at [email protected]

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Weather Parameters for Sustainable Flight Operation in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Abiodun Daniel Olabode
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Weather Parameters

Abstract The recent complications in the weather system, which oftentimes lead to flight cancellation, delay and diversion have become a critical issue in Nigeria. This study however considers the weather related parameters and their impacts on flight disruption in the country. Weather data (on thunderstorm, wind speed and direction, visibility and cloud cover) and flight data (delay, cancellation and diversion) were collected from Murtala International Airport, Ikeja-Lagos, Nigeria. The data covered the period between 2005 and 2020. However, Regional Climate Models (RCMs) were also used to run climate data projections between year 2020 and 2035 in the study region. The study employed Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for the descriptive and inferential analysis. Time series analysis, Pearson Moment Correlation for interrelationship among the weather parameters and the flight disruption data, and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to determine the influence of weather parameters on flight disruption data. Results show that cloud cover and high visibility are negatively correlated. Wind speed has positive relationship with wind direction; and an inverse relationship between visibility, thunderstorm, and fog. Direct relationship exists between highest visibility and thick dust, wind speed and cloud cover. Thick dust, wind speed and cloud cover indicate increased visibility level in the study area. Flight delay is prominent over flight diversion and cancellation, which indicates their relevance in air traffic of the study area. The prediction model indicates high degree of cloud cover at the beginning of every year and later declines sharply in 2035, the visibility flattens out by the year 2025, and low pattern of thick dust was calculated in the same pattern in 2011, 2016 and 2027. Based on this conclusion, the study recommends accurate weather reporting and strict compliance to safety regulations, and attention should be paid to changing pattern of weather parameters in order to minimize fight related disasters.

scholarly journals A global radiosonde and tracked balloon archive on 16 pressure levels (GRASP) back to 1905 – Part 2: Homogeneity adjustments for PILOT and radiosonde wind data

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ramella Pralungo ◽  
L. Haimberger
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Wind Speed Data ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Measurement Biases ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract. This paper describes the comprehensive homogenization of the GRASP wind records. Many of those records suffer from artificial shifts that need to be detected and adjusted before they are suitable for climate studies. Time series of departures between observations and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration 20th century (NOAA-20CR) surface pressure only reanalysis have been calculated offline by first interpolating the observations to pressure levels and standard synoptic times, if needed, and then interpolating the gridded NOAA-20CR standard pressure level data horizontally to the observation locations. These difference time series are quite sensitive to breaks in the observation time series and can be used for both automatic detection and adjustment of the breaks. Both wind speed and direction show a comparable number of breaks, roughly one break in three stations. More than hundred artificial shifts in wind direction could be detected at several US stations in the period 1938/1955. From the 1960s onward the wind direction breaks are less frequent. Wind speed data are not so much affected by measurement biases but one has to be aware of a large fair weather sampling bias in early years when high wind speeds were much less likely to be observed than after 1960 when RADAR tracking was already common practice. It has to be taken into account when calculating trends or monthly means from wind speed data. Trends of both wind speed and direction look spatially more homogeneous after adjustment. With the exception of a widespread wind direction bias found in the early US network no signs of pervasive measurement biases could be found. The adjustments can likely improve observation usage when applied during data assimilation. Alternatively they can serve as basis for validating variational wind bias adjustment schemes. Certainly they are expected to improve estimates of global wind trends. All the homogeneity adjustments are available in the PANGAEA archive with the associated DOI doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.823617.

scholarly journals Overcoming Legacy Processing in Photographic Collections through Collaboration and Digital Technologies

Collections ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
Terri Holtze ◽  
Rachel Howard ◽  
Randy Kuehn ◽  
Rebecca Pattillo ◽  
Elizabeth Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Local History ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Original Order ◽  
University Of Louisville ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University ◽  
Application Developers

In the 1960s, a Louisville photography studio began donating its negatives, prints, and invoices to the University of Louisville Photographic Archives. The Caufield & Shook collection remains a significant primary source for local history and a prime candidate for digitization. Unfortunately, on its receipt, nonarchivists processed the collection with little documentation of original order or organizational decision making. Additionally, workflow choices were determined largely by the desire to maximize student labor. In 2017, the digital initiatives librarian worked with in-house application developers and archives staff to create a workflow that has significantly sped up the process of making this valuable photographic collection accessible online. This article describes how archivists recovered from the poor processing decisions, used technology to enhance the digitization workflow, and developed a list of best practices for future processing and digitization of large photographic collections.

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