Splash erosion experiments with silt loam and loamy sand soil under simulated rainfall produced by two types of rainfall simulators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nives Zambon ◽  
Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen ◽  
Peter Strauss ◽  
Tomáš Dostál ◽  
David Zumr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water

<p>Soil erosion by water is globally the main soil degradation process which leaves serious consequences on agricultural land and water aquifers. Splash erosion is the initial stage of soil erosion by water, resulting from the destructive force of rain drops acting on soil surface aggregates. Splash erosion studies conducted in laboratories use rainfall simulators. They produce artificial rainfall which can vary according to type of the rainfall simulator. In this study the aim was to quantify the differences in splash erosion rates affected by rainfall produced by two different rainfall simulators on two silt loam and one loamy sand soil. Splash erosion was measured using modified Morgan splash cups and the rainfall simulators were equipped with four VeeJet or one FullJet nozzle. The soil samples placed under simulated rainfall were exposed to intensity range from 28 to 54 mm h<sup>-1</sup> and from 35 to 81 mm h<sup>-1</sup>, depending on the rainfall simulator. Rainfall characteristics such as drop size and velocity distribution were measured with an optical laser disdrometer Weather Sensor OTT Parsivel Version 1 (Parsivel) by OTT Messtechnik. Rainfall simulator with VeeJet nozzles produced smaller drops but higher drop velocity which resulted in higher kinetic energy per mm of rainfall compared to rainfall simulator with FullJet nozzles. For the same intensity rate measured kinetic energy under the rainfall simulator with VeeJet nozzles was 45% higher than rainfall kinetic energy from rainfall simulator with FullJet nozzles. Accordingly, the average splash erosion rate was 45 and 59% higher under the rainfall simulator with VeeJet nozzles for one silt loam and loamy sand soil, respectively. Splash erosion was found to be a linear or power function of the rainfall kinetic energy, depending on rainfall simulator. The obtained results highlight the sensitivity of the splash erosion process to rainfall characteristics produced by different rainfall simulators. The heterogeneity of rainfall characteristics between different types of rainfall simulators makes a direct comparison of results obtained from similar erosion studies difficult. Further experiments including comparison between more rainfall simulators could define influencing rainfall parameters on splash erosion under controlled laboratory conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Inoculation and Soil Texture Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Mungbean

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre A. Diatta ◽  
Wade E. Thomason ◽  
Ozzie Abaye ◽  
Larry J. Vaughan ◽  
Thomas L. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Group I ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a short-duration and relatively drought-tolerant crop grown predominantly in the tropics. This grain legume can improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen (N) fixation. To assess the effects of Bradyrhizobium (group I) inoculation on yield and yield attributes of mungbean, a greenhouse study was conducted during Fall 2016 with two mungbean cultivars (‘Berken’ and ‘OK2000’), two inoculum treatments (inoculated and uninoculated), and two soil textures (loamy sand and silt loam). Pots were laid out in a completely randomized design and treatment combinations were replicated seven times. The main effects of cultivar and soil texture significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected mungbean seed weight and plant residue mass. Seed yield (13%), plant residue (22%), and protein content (6%) of OK2000 were significantly higher than Berken cultivar. A 31% seed yield and 40% plant residue increase were recorded on silt loam soil compared to loamy sand soil. Significant increase in plant height (18%) and number of pods per plant (21%) were also recorded when mungbean plants were grown on silt loam compared to loamy sand soil. Bradyrhizobium inoculation significantly increased the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and seed yield. [Cultivar × inoculation] and [cultivar × soil texture] interactions had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on number of seeds per pods and plant height, respectively. Understanding the agronomic practices and soil physical properties that may limit mungbean production could help in optimizing its establishment and growth in non-traditional growing areas.

Effect of Soil Type and Irrigation Method on Lateral Movement of Cycloate

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Stanger ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽  
Soil Movement ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil

In greenhouse studies, lateral movement and toxicity ofS-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate (cycloate) to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) was greater in a loamy sand soil than in two silt loam soils when cycloate was applied by subsurface line injection. Greatest movement and effectiveness resulted from injection into a preirrigated soil without further irrigation. Lateral movement was adequate under furrow irrigation, but the treated band was displaced. Movement of the cycloate was inadequate under sprinkler or subirrigation. Cycloate was more effective when mechanically mixed with the soil than when injected. Cycloate moved more readily in moist soils than in dry soils. When cycloate was injected into a dry loamy sand soil, movement was similar whether irrigation was applied immediately or after 24 hr.

scholarly journals Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrů Jan ◽  
Kalibová Jana
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Meteorological Parameter ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Natural Rainfall

Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KE<sub>time</sub> – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KE<sub>time</sub> – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.

Metabolism of14C-Pronamide in the Soil and in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under Field Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Rouchaud ◽  
Chantal Moons ◽  
Frans Benoit ◽  
Norbert Ceustermans ◽  
Henri Maraite
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Bound Residue ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Kinetics Of

Metabolism of14C-pronamide [N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, carbonyl-14C] was studied in silt loam soil (located in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) and in lettuce (Lactuca sativaL., ‘Appia′, Clause3) from a crop planted in soil that had been treated before planting. During the experiment, most of the14C remained in the 0- to 6-cm soil layer. The percentage of14C-pronamide degraded to14CO2during the experiment was less than 10%. The soil-extractable14C was made up of pronamide and its first ketone metabolite [N-(1,1-dimethylacetonyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide]. About 30% of the pronamide present in the soil was bound to the soil. The bound residue, i.e., the14C that could not be extracted by acetone, at lettuce harvest was about 80% of the14C contained in the soil at that time; 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid was the main component of the bound residue. The harvested lettuce also contained pronamide, the ketone, and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid. Similar kinetics of metabolism were observed with lettuces grown on loamy sand soil (located in St. Kathelijne-Waver, Belgium). However, pronamide was not bound to this type of soil.

scholarly journals Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrů Jan ◽  
Kalibová Jana
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Meteorological Parameter ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Natural Rainfall

Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KE<sub>time</sub> – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KE<sub>time</sub> – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.  

Soil tillage enhanced CO2 and N2O emissions from loamy sand soil under spring barley

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri Chatskikh ◽  
Jørgen E. Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil

scholarly journals Effect of Macro- and Nano-Biosolid Fractions on Sorption Affinity and Transport of Pb in a Loamy Sand Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz G. Alghamdi ◽  
Hesham M. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Fraction Size ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Potential Mobility

Applications of large amounts of biosolid to agricultural lands have raised the concern over its potential impact on co-transport of metal contaminants. In this study, bulk biosolid was fractioned into six macro- and nano-biosolid fraction sizes. We investigated variations in the physicochemical properties of the different biosolid fraction sizes, and assessed sorption affinity and transport of Pb in a loamy sand soil. Decreasing biosolid fraction size from macro to nano resulted in consistent increases in surface area, surface charge, and a decrease in pore size. Biosolid particles >1000 µm showed similar surface properties that differ from biosolid particles < 1000 µm. Sorption affinity for Pb was larger on nano-biosolid as compared to all macro-biosolid fraction sizes. This is mainly attributed to the larger surface area and zeta potential of nano-biosolid, leading to increased surface reactivity and greater stability. Total amount eluted of Pb was increased in the presence of macro- and nano-biosolid by 21.3% and 45.6%, respectively. Our findings suggest that the application of the >1000 µm biosolid fractions can help to minimize adverse effects of biosolid applied in areas susceptible to potential environmental risk of contamination by heavy metals. Further assessment of potential mobility of nano-biosolid at the field scale is needed before the recommendation of including such approach during land application of biosolid.

A Study of Compaction and Crop Yields in Loamy Sand Soil After Seven Years of Reduced Tillage

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 0389-0392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Chaplin ◽  
Mike Lueders ◽  
David Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil
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