The nature and extent of bomb tritium remaining in deep soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaivime Evaristo ◽  
Yanan Huang ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Kwok P. Chun ◽  
Edwin H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Movement ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Nuclear Bomb ◽  
Bomb Test ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmental Tritium ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
Deep Soils ◽  
Made In

<p>Understanding the movement of water in soils is important for estimating subsurface water reserves. Despite the advances made in understanding water movement, very few tools can directly ‘follow the water’. Tritium, a tracer that decays with time and resides within individual water molecules, is one such tool. Some tritium is produced naturally, others result from the nuclear bomb test era of the 1960s. Since the atmospheric nuclear tests ended following the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, however, the amount of tritium in soil water has declined, putting into question the usefulness of the environmental tritium method for tracking water movement in future studies. Our study explores the usefulness of the tritium method. Our results highlight the narrow window of time, over the next 20 years depending on the model used, within which the tritium method may still be applicable. We call on scientists to now take full advantage of the environmental tritium method in places where the tool may still be applicable. A richer understanding of water movement in soils is ultimately critical for ecosystem services and water resources management, particularly in semi-arid environments with deep soils.</p>

A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
P.S.M. PHIRI ◽  
D.M. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.

Study of Ancient Land Boundaries at Tauric Chersonesos Using Satellite Images

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar A. Terekhin ◽  
Tatiana N. Smekalova
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

Abstract The near chora (agricultural land) of Tauric Chersonesos was investigated using multiyear remote sensing data and field surveys. The boundaries of the land plots were studied with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) technology and an analysis of satellite images. Reliable reconstruction of the borders has been done for 231 plots (from a total of about 380), which is approximately 53% of the Chersonesean chora. During the last 50 years, most of the ancient land plots have been destroyed by modern buildings, roads, or forests. However, in the 1960s, a significant part of the chora was still preserved. Changes in preservation with time were studied with the aid of satellite images that were made in 1966 and 2015. During that period, it was found that the number of plots with almost-complete preservation decreased from 47 to 0. Those land plots whose preservation was better than 50% dropped from 104 to 4. A temporal map shows this decline in preservation. It was found that the areas of land plots could be determined accurately with satellite images; compared to field surveys, this accuracy was about 99%.

The film Memory (1985) and Konstantin Pavlov’s poetry of the 1960s, or on the quests “on the upwind side of the weather-vane”

Proglas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Panova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Picture ◽  
Public Response ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Institutional Pressure ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

The present paper provides an opportunity to interpret the peculiar projections of Konstantin Pavlov’s poetry of the 1960s in the film Memory, based on the poet’s screenplay from 1985. The study focuses on the problems depicted in the motion picture and the peculiarities of the unconventional style which define both the specific place of the film in the developing trends of Bulgarian feature films of the 1980s, and its complex biography related to the institutional pressure for self-censorship and minimal public response. The observations made in the paper focus on understanding the film as an artistic experiment, achieved through the poetic codes it encrypts.

scholarly journals Distribution of cesium-137 in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Rissanen ◽  
Tua Rahola ◽  
Pauli Aro
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Nuclear Bomb ◽  
Cesium 137 ◽  
Edible Tissues ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Different Parts

The influence of the Chernobyl accident in 1986 on the Finnish reindeer herding area was much smaller than the effects of the nuclear bomb tests in the 1960s. Only in one small area somewhat more Cs-137 was deposited than in the rest of the reindeer herding area. From that area 20 reindeer were chosen for investigation of the distribution of Cs-137. All tissues, organs, the skeleton, digestive tract, hide, head and hooves were sampled quantitatively. Three reindeer were pregnant and also the foetuses were studied. The Cs-137 amounts were determined by gammaspectrometric measurements. The results showed that the differences in the Cs-137 concentrations between muscle tissue from different parts of an individual reindeer were not more than 10 percent. Thus it is not essential from which part of the reindeer meat samples for surveillance purposes are taken. The concentration of Cs-137 in edible tissues other than muscle was lower except in the kidneys and scapula cartilage.

scholarly journals EFEK SUMUR RESAPAN TERHADAP PENGURANGAN VOLUME LIMPASAN PERMUKAAN

GANEC SWARA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
I WAYAN YASA ◽  
SASMITO SOEKARNO ◽  
I DEWA GEDE JAYA NEGERA
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
Rain Data ◽  
Made In

Changes in land use not only affect the hydrological component, but also have an impact on the environmental sector, which include increasing the frequency of flooding and inundation, decreasing the availability of subsurface water, and drying up community wells. Various attempts have been made in efforts to reduce flooding and maintain sources of subsurface water, for example by applying infiltration well technology in each settlement. Infiltration wells will be able to function to re-enter rainwater falling on the pavement and can reduce flooding and inundation. This research is conducted with an empirical model that is connecting the amount of runoff that occurs after the availability of recharge wells. The purpose of this research is to get the ability of infiltration wells to reduce the occurrence of flooding in an area. The data used in the analysis are rain data and soil texture data. Based on the analysis results obtained dimensions of 0.8 m, 1 m and 1.2 m infiltration wells with a depth of 2 m. The depth of ground water level is 1.94 m, the permeability value (k) of land is 0.24 x 10ˉ⁴ m / sec. From each of the infiltration well diameters, it can reduce the successive runoff namely; infiltration wells are 0.8 m in diameter from runoff of 0.479 m³ / sec and after an infiltration well is reduced to 0.057m³ / sec, infiltration wells diameter 1.2 from runoff is 0.401 m³ / sec and after an infiltration well is reduced to 0.0475 m / second, and in the diater infiltration well 2 m from runoff of 0.377 m³ / sec and after the infiltration well is reduced to 0.0571 m / sec.

Hollywood Can’t Wait: Elaine May and the Delusions of 1970s American Cinema

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Maya Montañez Smukler
Keyword(s):  
Women Directors ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
New Hollywood ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
Feminist Film ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Made In

Elaine May began her career as a filmmaker during the 1970s when the mythology of the New Hollywood male auteur defined the decade; and the number of women directors, boosted by second wave feminism, increased for the first time in forty years. May’s interest in misfit characters, as socially awkward as they were delusional, and her ability to seamlessly move them between comedy and drama, typified the New Hollywood protagonist who captured America’s uneasy transition from the hopeful rebellion of the 1960s into the narcissistic angst of the 1970s. However, the filmmaker’s reception, which culminated in the critical lambast of her comeback film Ishtar in 1987, was uneven: her battles with studio executives are legendary; feminist film critics railed against her depiction of female characters; and a former assistant claimed she set back women directors by her inability to meet deadlines. This chapter investigates Elaine May’s career within the lore 1970s Hollywood to understand the industrial and cultural circumstances that contributed to the emergence of her influential body of work; and the significant contributions to cinema she made in spite of, and perhaps because of, the conflicts in which she was faced.

scholarly journals Introduction: Spinal Vascular Malformations

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. E1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward H. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Spinal Vascular Malformations ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Selective Arteriography ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

From the earliest observations of spinal vascular malformations, successful management has been challenging. Initially the challenges were diagnosing, understanding, and treating these lesions. They were originally considered all to be the same, or at least to be a single general type, of disease. With the introduction of selective spinal arteriography in the 1960s and more recently with the introduction and widespread use of MR imaging, the initial challenge of diagnosing spinal vascular malformations was overcome, and significant progress has been made in understanding their anatomy as well as the pathophysiology that underlies the myelopathy commonly associated with them. The anatomical features defined by selective arteriography and the observations permitted with the operating microscope ultimately led to distinctions between the major categories of the vascular lesions affecting the spinal cord; these distinctions were based on the lesions' anatomy, epidemiology, and the mechanism of spinal cord injury.

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