Detection of contamination by some trace elements in the muscles of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) collected from the Euphrates River / Central Iraq

The study involved measuring the concentration of seven trace elements (Cd , Pb , Zn , Fe , Mn , Se and Ni) In edible tissues of three classes of different weight and height of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) collected from three sites of the Euphrates River, which Al- Hindiya barrage (first site) and Touirij (second location) and the Kifil (third site), for the period from Spring 2015 to Winter 2016 , and included also The study also estimated the concentrations of the trace elements studied in river water, in both dissolved and particular form , as well as exiamining of some physio- chemical properties of water river , which variations depended on the different both sites and seasons The Findings of the present study indicated seasonal changes in the concentration of trace elements studied in both water forms (dissolved and particular form) and in fish muscle in the three locations of the current study. These were noticed that the level of trace elements in the third group, the contrast of the first and second categories was strong, and the finding found a clear link between the length and weight of the fish and the concentration of the fish as elements of concentration increases with increasing length and weight . The results founded that the concentrations of trace elements studied the particular form of higher compared to dissolved form as well as to the effective of certain physical and chemical properties of water such as Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity and salinity on the concentration of these trace elements.

Trace Metal Residues in Swimming Warrior Crab Callinectes bellicosus: A Consumption Risk

This study was carried out in the Navachiste coastal lagoon, Mexico, surrounded by intensive agricultural and aquaculture activities that cause environmental pollution by the deposition of trace metal residues in the sediments of this coastal lagoon. The trace metals are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms such as the blue swimming warrior crab, Callinectes bellicosus, which inhabits this lagoon and is consumed by humans. Ninety-five C. bellicosus edible tissue samples were collected (April 2014–January 2015). The extraction procedure of the trace metals in edible tissue samples was carried out by acid digestion with nitric acid. Based on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States, two indices were used to measure health risk: the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The hazard index (HI) was used to calculate the probability of adverse carcinogenic risk and the target hazard quotient per sample (MHI) to calculate the probability of developing a carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences among trace metal concentrations (p < 0.01), but all trace metal concentrations in the edible tissues of C. bellicosus were higher than the maximum residual limits (MRLs). The highest EDI was for Zn, Fe, and Cu, showing that the consumption of these crabs might represent health risks. The THQ >1 was for Ni, Zn, Cd, and Cu, and the HI = 16 revealed the risk of C. bellicosus for high-level consumers. The MHI showed that 98% of samples presented a THQ >1, implying a high rate of bioaccumulation of trace metals by the crabs independent of the sampling site in the NAV. The presence of trace metals in the edible tissue of crabs reflects contamination by trace metals, and the indices results mean that the NAV lagoon is constantly polluted with trace metal residues by neighboring agriculture and aquaculture activities. These trace metal residues are being bioaccumulated in the edible tissues of C. bellicosus due to its feeding habits, resulting in a health risk if its consumption is high, including carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.

Research and Progress on the Mechanism of Iron Transfer and Accumulation in Rice Grains

Iron (Fe) is one of the most important micronutrients for organisms. Currently, Fe deficiency is a growing nutritional problem and is becoming a serious threat to human health worldwide. A method that could help alleviate this “hidden hunger” is increasing the bioavailable Fe concentrations in edible tissues of major food crops. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of Fe accumulation in different crop tissues will help to develop crops with higher Fe nutritional values. Biofortification significantly increases the concentration of Fe in crops. This paper considers the important food crop of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as an example and highlights recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms of Fe uptake and allogeneic uptake in different tissues of rice. In addition, different approaches to the biofortification of Fe nutrition in rice and their outcomes are described and discussed. To address the problems that occur during the development and application of improving nutritional Fe in rice, technical strategies and long-term solutions are also proposed as a reference for the future improvement of staple food nutrition with micronutrients.

Excretion and Residual Concentration Correlations of Salbutamol Between Edible Tissues and Living Samples in Pigs and Goats

Illegal use of salbutamol (SAL), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, has posed potential threat to human health in China. The excretion and depletion of SAL in pigs and goats were investigated, and the concentration correlations between edible tissues and living samples were analyzed to find out a suitable living sample for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL in pigs and goats. After a single oral dosage of 1.2 mg/kg SAL, approximately 70% of the dose was excreted by pigs and goats from their excreta. When pigs and goats were supplied feed containing SAL (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, high concentrations of SAL were observed in the liver and kidneys, and the longest persistence was observed in hair. Unlike pigs, SAL was presented primarily as conjugated SAL in goats. Excellent concentration correlations of SAL were observed between urine and edible tissues both in pigs and goats, and in addition, good correlations also were found between hair and edible tissues in pigs and between feces and edible tissues in goats. Hence, urine and hair could accurately predict SAL concentrations in edible tissues of pigs, whereas feces and urine were satisfactory for predicting SAL concentrations in edible tissues of goats. These data make it possible for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL residues in the edible tissues of pigs and goats.

Microplastics evaluation in edible tissues of flying fish (Parexocoetus mento) from the Bintaro fish market, Lombok, Indonesia

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic fragments that are degraded into small particles with a diameter of <5 mm. Pollution in the ocean by MPs has become a global threat which damages aquatic and marine ecosystems. There are several types of MPs detected in the digestive tract and in edible fish tissue. However, such report remains limited in Indonesia. Despite the high rate of plastic pollution in Indonesian coastal areas. This study aims to determine the presence, abundance and characteristics of MPs including type, shape, and color in the edible tissue of commercially important pelagic fish species from the Bintaro fish market, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Flying Fish (Parexocoetus mento) was evaluated for MPs content in their edible tissue. Isolation of MPs in fish meat was conducted by firstly adding 10% KOH solution followed by incubation for 24 h. Furthermore, the solution was incubated in the oven for 48 h at a temperature of 90oC. The WPO (Wet Peroxide Oxidation) reaction was carried out by adding 30 mL of 0.05 M Fe(II) oxide and 30 mL of 20% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) continued by heating on a hotplate at 75oC at 350 rpm for 45 minutes to remove organic matter from fish. The remaining filtrateswere treated by further heating, followed by filtration with stainless steel sieves (45//m). Current results show five types of MPs detected in fish sample were Fragment, Filament/fiber, Film, Foam and Pellet. The most abundant type of MPs was fragment type (368.67 particle/fish). Current results show a significant amount of MPs were found in edible tissue of flying fish in Bintaro market. However further characterization of MPs would be needed to confirm the MPs types. Nevertheless, current study show the potential contamination of MPs in P. mento fish commercially sold in fish market at Lombok, Indonesia. Hence, awareness should be raised in local communities to reduce plastic pollution in marine and coastal areas.

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues

Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.

Trace metal levels in the edible tissues of sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria polii) from Sardinia (Western Mediterranean)

Sea cucumbers represent an important part of the diet in Asian and Pacific regions and are also used in traditional medicine. These habits have led to the overexploitation of local sea cucumber populations in these areas, driving the pursuit of new stock regions, such as Mediterranean areas. In Italy, contrarily to that observed for other Mediterranean countries, the exploitation of sea cucumber stocks is not extensive, which opens a new market opportunity. Thus, from a food safety perspective, this work aims at reporting the first assessment of trace metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb) in the edible tissues of Holothuria polii and Holoturia tubulosa collected in Sardinia, the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Metal concentrations found in H. polii were generally higher than in H. tubulosa. However, in both species, they were lower than those reported for other areas of the Western Mediterranean. Cd, Hg, and Pb were below the limits established for seafood in Europe. As concentrations were in the range of those measured in other commercial seafood species in the Mediterranean. Thus, these species may be harvested and traded to fulfil the demands of local and international markets.