scholarly journals Characterization and origin of the Mn-rich patinas formed on Lunéville château sandstones

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-702
Author(s):  
Laure Gatuingt ◽  
Stéphanie Rossano ◽  
Jean-Didier Mertz ◽  
Chloé Fourdrin ◽  
Olivier Rozenbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Reductive Dissolution ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Time Result ◽  
Mn Species ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. The formation of iron- and/or manganese-rich dark patinas on sandstones is a common natural phenomenon that occurs also on building stones. Lunéville château, in eastern France, presents such patinas that developed either under natural conditions (rain and time) or after an accidental fire and exposure to significant amounts of water as part of attempts to extinguish the fire. The present study aimed at characterizing both types of patinas in an effort to determine their formation mechanisms and Mn sources. In both cases, Mn required for patina formation likely derives from the reductive dissolution of Mn-rich minerals present in pristine sandstones, as suggested by the contrasting mineralogy and chemistry of Mn-rich phases present in the bulk and in the patina of a given building block. Reduced Mn species then migrate to the exposed surface of building blocks where they are re-oxidized via undetermined processes. Patinas developing “naturally” over time result from the alternation of wetting-reducing and drying-oxidizing cycles and appear to be composed of birnessite. Patinas formed after the 2003 fire result from this single accidental event and form a much thinner, heterogeneous, and discontinuous layer of poorly crystalline lithiophorite at the sandstone surface (∼ 0–150 µm compared to ∼ 300–600 µm for “natural” patinas). The lack of Mn-rich patinas on areas of Lunéville château is likely related to the lower Mn content of pristine sandstone blocks.

Emotional Variability Predicts Tiredness in Daily Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aire Mill ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jüri Allik
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Intraindividual variability, along with the more frequently studied between-person variability, has been argued to be one of the basic building blocks of emotional experience. The aim of the current study is to examine whether intraindividual variability in affect predicts tiredness in daily life. Intraindividual variability in affect was studied with the experience sampling method in a group of 110 participants (aged between 19 and 84 years) during 14 consecutive days on seven randomly determined occasions per day. The results suggest that affect variability is a stable construct over time and situations. Our findings also demonstrate that intraindividual variability in affect has a unique role in predicting increased levels of tiredness at the momentary level as well at the level of individuals.

The dynamic nature of depression: a new micro-level perspective of mental disorder that meets current challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1349-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wichers
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Dynamic Network Model ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Over Time

The examination of moment-to-moment, ‘micro-level’ patterns of experience and behaviour using experience sampling methodology has contributed to our understanding of the ‘macro-level’ development of full-blown symptoms and disorders. This paper argues that the micro-level perspective can be used to identify the smallest building blocks underlying the onset and course of mental ill-health. Psychopathology may be the result of the continuous dynamic interplay between micro-level moment-to-moment experiences and behavioural patterns over time. Reinforcing loops between momentary states may alter the course of mental health towards either a more or less healthy state. An example with observed data, from a population of individuals with depressive symptoms, supports the validity of a dynamic network model of psychopathology and shows that together and over time, this continuous interplay between momentary states may result in the cluster of symptoms we call major depressive disorder. This approach may help conceptualize the nature of mental disorders, and generate individualized insights useful for diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Felicity Aulino
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Societal Transformation ◽  
Ethical Action ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
As If

This concluding chapter argues that, rather than providing a framework for understanding how things “really are,” rituals of care show an alternative mechanism for making things so. Ritual in this sense is a subjunctive mode that brings the world into being through acting as if it were a particular way, rather than claiming it to be so. Through rituals of care, one can take seriously ways of acting “as if” actions accomplish certain ends and provide for others in particular ways, as the caregivers in this book do, rather than judging such acts as solid assertions of how the world is or is taken to be. Rituals thus serve one's “plodding through” mundane life, as a guide to ethical action that builds over time. Showing up and going through the motions is of utmost importance. Seeing clearly how care takes ritual shape in Thailand offers building blocks for individual, group, and societal transformation. In terms of rote repetition, the basic stuff of care, ritual shows how humans create dispositions—right down to norms of perception—that brings forward a means of reorientation and change impossible to produce by rhetoric alone. Doing is necessary. Doing is transformative, even when repetitive.

2. Criminalizaton: historical, legal, and criminological perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Lacey ◽  
Lucia Zedner
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Shifting Boundaries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the relationship between legal and criminological constructions of crime and explores how these have changed over time. The chapter sets out the conceptual framework of criminalization within which the two dominant constructions of crime—legal and criminological—are situated. It considers their respective contributions and the close relationship between criminal law and criminal justice. Using the framework of criminalization, the chapter considers the historical contingency of crime by examining its development over the past 300 hundred years. It analyses the normative building blocks of contemporary criminal law to explain how crime is constructed in England and Wales today and it explores some of the most important recent developments in formal criminalization in England and Wales, not least the shifting boundaries and striking expansion of criminal liability. Finally, it considers the valuable contributions made by criminology to understanding the scope of, and limits on, criminalization.

Using the Building Blocks

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Joe Lamantia
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Over Time

This article is a case study that explores the use of the Building Blocks portal design framework over a series of enterprise portal projects spanning several years. This article describes the business contexts that shaped each portal as it was designed, showing the use and reuse of design and development elements based on the Building Blocks. This article discusses the changes and adaptations that shaped the elements of the Building Blocks design framework over time.

Two Sides of the Same Coin? Neutral Monism as an Attempt to Reconcile Subjectivity and Objectivity in Personal Identity

Metaphysica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Nils-Frederic Wagner ◽  
Iva Apostolova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
Psychological Continuity ◽  
Neutral Monism ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Over Time

AbstractStandard views of personal identity over time often hover uneasily between the subjective, first-person dimension (e. g. psychological continuity), and the objective, third-person dimension (e. g. biological continuity) of a person’s life. Since both dimensions capture something integral to personal identity, we show that neither can successfully be discarded in favor of the other. The apparent need to reconcile subjectivity and objectivity, however, presents standard views with problems both in seeking an ontological footing of, as well as epistemic evidence for, personal identity. We contend that a fresh look at neutral monism offers a novel way to tackle these problems; counting on the most fundamental building blocks of reality to be ontologically neutral with regards to subjectivity and objectivity of personal identity. If the basic units of reality are, in fact, ontologically neutral – but can give rise to mental as well as physical events – these basic units of reality might account for both subjectivity and objectivity in personal identity. If this were true, it would turn out that subjectivity and objectivity are not conflictive dimensions of personal identity but rather two sides of the same coin.

scholarly journals Travel guides, urban spatial imaginaries and LGBTQ+ activism: The case of Damron guides

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802091345
Author(s):  
Larry Knopp ◽  
Michael Brown
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Media Ecosystem ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In this paper we focus on LGBTQ+ travel guides and the creation of a North American LGBTQ+ urban imaginary as forms and facilitators of activism. Specifically, we consider one of the few continuously published sources detailing such an imaginary in the mid-20th century and its construction of an ‘epistemological grid’ onto which entries were placed. We briefly situate the guides in the context of an emerging (and frequently politicised) mid-20th-century LGBTQ+ media ecosystem, then proceed to a detailed analysis of the imaginary they evoke. Cities are the guides’ assumed building-blocks, along with certain other ontologies, most notably bars, sex establishments and other meeting places (though these change over time). As aggregators of information at a national scale, the guides standardised and communicated particular notions of what LGBTQ+ space was (and is). At the same time, as way-finding tools they helped readers navigate actual communities at the local scale. In so doing, we argue, Damron guides helped shape early forms of LGBTQ+ identity and community in North America – including the establishment of ‘gaybourhoods’. We therefore interpret the guides as both activist and facilitators of activism. They claimed space at an abstract level while simultaneously facilitating place-making, territorialisation and simple survival strategies by actual people on the ground. Our analysis contributes to understandings of the relationship, over time and at multiple scales, between travel guides, an urban-based North American spatial imaginary and LGBTQ+ activism. It also highlights Damron guides’ potential as a rich source of data.

DRY MATTER, ETHER EXTRACT, ASH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF TOE HORN-WALL FROM CROSSBRED BOARS AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRITION AND AGE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LEPINE ◽  
E. T. KORNEGAY ◽  
H. S. BARTLETT ◽  
D. R. NOTTER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Fe And Mn ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Over Time

The effects of dietary energy level (ad libitum and 75% of ad libitum) and mineral-vitamin intake (100 and 150% of NAS-NRC daily recommendations) on dry matter, ether extract, ash and mineral composition of hard horn-wall taken from front and rear and inside and outside toes were studied in crossbred boars necropsied at 15-day intervals from 85 to 295 days on test starting at 35 days of age. With the exception of Ca and P contents which were higher for restricted-fed boars, restricted energy level and elevated mineral-vitamin intake had little or no effect on horn-wall composition, when expressed on a weight-corrected basis. Horn-wall dry matter, ether extract and Zn content increased over time while ash, P, Mg, Cu, Mn and Fe content decreased with little change in Ca content. Front toes had a lower ether extract, Fe and Mn content than hind toes, and outside toes had a higher content of P, Mg and Mn and a lower content of Cu and Zn than outside toes. Toe size (area and volume) was directly correlated with dry matter, Ca, P, Mg and Zn content, but was inversely correlated with ash, Cu, Fe and Mn content of horn-wall. There appeared to be no relationship between toe size and ether extract content of horn-wall. Horn-wall composition changes occurred over time with only minor effects of nutrition treatments. Although composition of horn-wall varied due to location and size of toe, there appeared to be no relationship between horn-wall composition and toe lesion scores. Key words: Swine, nutrition, toe horn-wall composition, minerals

The evolution of collaborative networks: A social network analysis of Chinese environmental protection policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 095207672110346
Author(s):  
Yanwei Li ◽  
Jing Huang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
National Government ◽  
Collaborative Networks ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Collaborative Network ◽  
Network Partner ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Over Time

Interagency collaboration helps governments to better resolve various complex societal problems. This contribution examines the mechanisms underlying the collaboration of disparate national government agencies engaged in Chinese environmental protection. We test three dominant mechanisms, namely, the institutionalization of collaborative networks, resource interdependence and exchange, and preferential attachment. It is concluded that a collaborative network over time becomes cohesive, that national government agencies prefer to collaborate with popular agencies and tend to collaborate with those whose resources are different from their own, and that popular agencies tend to maintain their core positions over time. Our study enriches the current governance and policy literature through adding building blocks for the evolution of collaborative network and network partner selection.

Women’s Experience of Trust Within the Midwife–Mother Relationship

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Lewis ◽  
Aled Jones ◽  
Billie Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Concurrent Process ◽  
Women's Experience ◽  
Women’S Agency ◽  
Over Time

This article summarizes the main findings from my PhD study exploring individual women’s experiences of trust within the midwife–mother relationship.Evidence suggests that trust is an important element of care provision (Department of Health, 2010; Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2015), yet it is poorly defined as a concept.AIM: The aim of the study was to explore the concept of trust within the midwife–mother relationship increasing understanding of individual women’s experience of trust and its meaning to them within the caring relationship. No specific research questions were identified at the outset as congruent with the hybrid methodological approach used.METHODOLOGY: A hybrid model approach was used, underpinned by a Heideggerian phenomenological approach. The hybrid model provides a theoretical framework for incorporating the literature and theory in the developing concept analysis with empirical data as a continuous concurrent process (Schwartz-Barcott & Kim, 1993). Longitudinal semi-structured interviews were carried out at three time points: in early pregnancy, at 37 weeks of pregnancy, and 8 weeks postnatal with a purposive sample of nine women experiencing straightforward pregnancy. Phenomenology allowed the concept to be explored within the lived experience of the participants in the natural setting.ANALYSIS: Thematic analysis was conducted, supported by Nvivo 9. The text was analyzed as a whole, by sections of text and by line-by-line coding examining the participant’s words for meaning. Extracts were coded, clustered, and synthesized into overarching themes. Comparison of the themes at each stage assisted in the understanding of the development and changes within the concept being studied over time. Themes were taken back to participants to guide subsequent interviews clarifying their meaning, authenticity, and ensuring that the data gathered reflected their personal insight.FINDINGS: The experience of trust was described as an evolving concept that developed over time as a series of building blocks. The participants described an initial trust associated with an expectation of assumed competence in the midwife, but this was then influenced by the developing relationship between midwife and mother. The concept of trust was interwoven with women’s agency; women expressed a desire to develop a two-way trust that included the midwife trusting the woman. This article reports on the overall findings, concentrating on the development of trust and key themes relevant to clinical midwifery practice: need, expectation, the midwife–mother relationship, and impact of continuity of carer and the importance of women’s agency.IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the concept of trust from the woman’s perspective is important for developing maternity services that meet the needs of women.

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