scholarly journals Virtual water trade and water footprint of agricultural goods: the 1961–2016 CWASI database

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2025-2051
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamea ◽  
Marta Tuninetti ◽  
Irene Soligno ◽  
Francesco Laio
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract. To support national and global assessments of water use in agriculture, we build a comprehensive database of country-specific water footprint and virtual water trade (VWT) data for 370 agricultural goods. The water footprint, indicating the water needed for the production of a good including rainwater and water from surface water and groundwater bodies, is expressed as a volume per unit weight of the good (or unit water footprint, uWF) and is here estimated at the country scale for every year in the period 1961–2016. The uWF is also differentiated, where possible, between production and supply, referring to local production and to a weighted mean of local production and import, respectively. The VWT data, representing the amount of water needed for the production of a good and virtually exchanged with the international trade, are provided for each commodity as bilateral trade matrices, between origin and destination countries, for every year in the period 1986–2016. The database, developed within the CWASI project, improves upon earlier datasets because it takes into account the annual variability of the uWF of crops, it accounts for both produced and imported goods in the definition of the supply-side uWF, and it traces goods across the international trade up to the origin of goods' production. The CWASI database is available on the Zenodo repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4606794 (Tamea et al., 2020), and it welcomes contributions and improvements from the research community to enable analyses specifically accounting for the temporal evolution of the uWF.

scholarly journals Virtual water trade and water footprint of agricultural goods: the 1961–2016 CWASI database

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamea ◽  
Marta Tuninetti ◽  
Irene Soligno ◽  
Francesco Laio
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. To support national and global assessments of water use in agriculture, we build a comprehensive and harmonized database of water footprint and virtual water trade (VWT) data for hundreds of agricultural goods. The water footprint, indicating the water needed for the production of a good, including rainwater and water withdrawals, is expressed as a volume per unit weight of commodity (or unit water footprint, uWF), which is here estimated at the country scale for every year in the period 1961–2016. The uWF is also differentiated, where possible, between production and supply, referring to local production only and to a mixed role of local production and import, respectively. The VWT data, representing the amount of water needed for the production of a good and virtually exchanged with the international trade, are provided for each commodity as bilateral trade matrices, between origin and destination countries, for every year in the period 1986–2016). The database, developed within the EU-funded CWASI project, improves upon earlier datasets because it takes into account the annual variability of the uWF of crops, it accounts for both produced and imported goods in the definition of the uWF and it traces goods across the international trade up to the origin of goods' production. The CWASI database is available on the Zenodo repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3987468 (Tamea et al., 2020) and welcomes contributions and improvements from the research community to enable analyses specifically accounting for the temporal evolution of the uWF.

scholarly journals "Virtual water": the importance of "virtual water" in world production and international trade

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
World Production ◽  
Water Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

One of the ways to solve the problem of water supply upgrading is to improve the spatial organization of global economic activity on the basis of a deeper accounting and rational use of the water factor. The study of the costs of the so-called “virtual water” in the context of countries and branches of the world economy can play an important role therein. The concept of «virtual water» as well as the essence of definition of «the water footprint of a product» is revealed. The possibility of considering them as synonyms in scientific research is justified. The achievements of foreign scientists in research related to «virtual water» and its consumption of various sectors of the world economy and countries worldwide are shown. The article emphasizes that according to the concept of «virtual water», revealed by Allan J.A. in his works, it could serve as an additional source of water for countries with an arid climate through its import and export as a part of finished goods (as «the water footprint»). The paper highlights the list of countries with the largest volumes of export and import of «virtual water» through the comprehensive analysis of foreign publications on «the water footprint of a product». On the basis of the correlation analysis it is proved that the tight connection between the countries’ water availability and their export of «virtual water» is almost absent (R = 0,24). On the contrary, the correlation coefficient between the water resources availability of the main importing countries of «virtual water» and the volumes of their imports is high (R = 0.76).Consequently, «virtual water» nowadays partly affects the global commodity policy and the development of economic activity worldwide. In the future, with the growth of the water factor, the role as well as the importance of «virtual water» will increase, which in turn will pose amendments in world production and international trade.

Water footprint and virtual water trade in Spain

2009 ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Varela-Ortega ◽  
Roberto Rodríguez Casado ◽  
M Ramón Llamas ◽  
Paula Novo ◽  
Maite Aldaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade

Game Analysis of Virtual Water Trade under the Perspective of International Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Chun Yue Wang ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Game Analysis

As the global water resource is becoming more and more serious,a new way of solving the water resources problems with the idea of virtual water trade gains attention gradually.Using the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory model,analyzes the water resource game and international trade respectively.Combines the water resource and its security with the international trade,then build the game model of virtual water trade.Through analysis of these three games,find the water resources and the international trade game have equilibrium differences and complementarities returns,the implementation of virtual water trade will make both parties achieve even greater gains in terms of cooperation, increasing the possibility of breaking the prisoner's dilemma. Therefore,combine the water resources with the international trade will ensure a country’s water security in a larger extent and avoid producing high transfer cost and ecological destruction.

A multi-region input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade flows in agricultural crop production

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. Aviso ◽  
Sed Anderson K. Holaysan ◽  
Michael Angelo B. Promentilla ◽  
Krista Danielle S. Yu ◽  
Raymond R. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Productivity

Purpose The onset of climate change is expected to result in variations in weather patterns which can exacerbate water scarcity issues. This can potentially impact the economic productivity of nations as economic activities are highly dependent on water especially for agricultural countries. In response to this, the concepts of virtual water and water footprint have been introduced as metrics for measuring the water intensity of products, services and nations. Researchers have thus looked into virtual water trade flows as a potential strategy for alleviating water scarcity. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Environmentally extended input-output models (IOMs) are often used to analyze interactions between economic and ecological systems. This work thus develops a multi-regional input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade between different geographic regions in consideration of local environmental resource constraints, product demands and economic productivity. Findings A case study on agriculture crop production and trade in different regions of the Philippines is utilized to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. The results show that the optimal strategy does not necessarily limit a water-scarce region to produce less water-intensive crops. Research limitations/implications The model uses an input-output framework whose fixed coefficients reflect a fixed technological state. As such, the model is best used for short-term projections, or projections for mature technological state (i.e. where no major gains in efficiency or yield can be foreseen). Practical implications The proposed modeling framework can be used in any geographic region (provided relevant statistical data are available for calibration) to provide decision support for optimal use of limited water resources. Originality/value The model proposed in this work has general applicability to the optimal planning of agro-industrial systems under water footprint constraints. This modeling approach will be particularly valuable in the future, as climate change causes changes in precipitation patterns and water availability.

scholarly journals Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O'Bannon ◽  
J. Carr ◽  
D. A. Seekell ◽  
P. D'Odorico
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Water Transfers ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Water Scarce

Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water-scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce nitrogen concentrations from fertilizers and pesticides released into streams and aquifers to allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on international trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries, and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.

Using Regional Virtual Water Trade and Water Footprint Accounting for Optimizing Crop Patterns to Mitigate Water Crises in Dry Regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Amin Mojtabavi ◽  
Alireza Shokoohi ◽  
Hadi Ramezani Etedali ◽  
Vijay Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade

scholarly journals India rice export and virtual water trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (SI) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Uma Gowri M. ◽  
Shivakumar K. M.
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Full Swing

The present study aimed to assess water footprint in the production and export of rice in India. From recent few years, the water footprint conception in full swing to inward detection around the world. The amplified attention in the water footprint has impelled the trade of commodities between countries. Water footprint in the rice field is a sign of water use that exhibits direct and indirect water usage in the rice field. Rice is an important food crop in India. It accesses the flows of water virtually between countries/regions of the world to illustrate the dependency of countries/regions on water resources with other countries/regions under diverse feasible futures. Hence, it is gaining consequence to calculate the water foot print in production as well as export of rice.  The Indian rice production and export of rice was calculated by using international trade and domestic production data. The study results indicated that the global footprint of rice production was 235774 Mm3 per ton which was 53 % of green water footprint, 41 % of blue water footprint and 6 % of grey water footprint for 2018-19. The virtual water flowed in trade was 24354 Mm3/year and the percolation was 16924 Mm3/year since rice is a more water consuming crop. The share of basmati and non-basmati trade accounted was 16 % and 42 %, respectively. Virtual water trade in rice can be minimized by exporting less water demand and high-value crops, proper water harvesting structures and other agronomic practices.

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