Morphodynamic styles: characterising the behaviour of gravel-bed rivers using a novel, quantitative index

Channel Form ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Bed Mobility ◽

Abstract. The assessment of channels widely focusses on using channel form to identify channel character, but fail to capture the more nuanced variations of morphodynamics without the analysis of process. This paper presents a method using an index of channel behaviour, the throughput ratio (ζ), which is calculated from morphologic change and sediment transport, and explores the viability of inferring process from channel form to act as an indicator of channel behaviour. Two experiments using the same initial width, slope, discharge and grain size were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in representing different morphodynamics. In one experiment the channel was allowed to laterally deform, whilst the other had unerodible elements placed at its boundaries. As a result the experiment with mobile banks widened and reduced sediment transport to zero, whereas the fixed bank experiment— unable to decrease its shear stress— continued to output material. In both, the rate of morphologic change tended to zero despite their marked differences in sediment transport over time. The differences in evolution are due to the differences in process available to each channel despite a starting similarity in bed mobility and their gross similarity in a meandering planform. The throughput ratio allows new representations of the temporal and spatial patterns of the morphodynamics, providing additional measures with which to analyse the processes acting in river channels.

Contrasting patterns of productivity and survival rates for stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations of the Snake and Columbia rivers

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f99-037 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1031-1045 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Howard A Schaller ◽

Charles E Petrosky ◽

Olaf P Langness

Keyword(s):

Chinook Salmon ◽

Physical Environment ◽

Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Hydropower System ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Stream Type ◽

The effects of increasing hydropower development and operation appear extremely important in the decline and near extripation of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stocks of the upper Columbia and Snake rivers. We evaluated temporal and spatial patterns of productivity and survival rates (for index stocks from the Snake, upper Columbia, and lower Columbia regions) to determine the cause of dramatic declines of the upriver stocks. This evaluation tested hypotheses about nonstationarity (changes over time in average productivity) in the Ricker recruitment function caused by changes in the physical environment. Individual stocks showed recent declines in indicators of productivity and survival rate; however, the comparisons indicate that upriver stocks showed greater declines coincident with the development and operation of the hydropower system. Evidence from the aggregate run indicates that declines over the last 50 years were quite abrupt and corresponded to construction and completion of the hydropower system.

Ultrastructural analysis of unique glycoconjugates in the rat olfactory system

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100124859 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 890-891

Author(s):

James E. Crandall ◽

Linda C. Hassinger ◽

Gerald A. Schwarting

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Olfactory System ◽

Olfactory Bulbs ◽

Carbohydrate Epitopes ◽

Olfactory Systems ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Cell Surface Glycoconjugates

Cell surface glycoconjugates are considered to play important roles in cell-cell interactions in the developing central nervous system. We have previously described a group of monoclonal antibodies that recognize defined carbohydrate epitopes and reveal unique temporal and spatial patterns of immunoreactivity in the developing main and accessory olfactory systems in rats. Antibody CC2 reacts with complex α-galactosyl and α-fucosyl glycoproteins and glycolipids. Antibody CC1 reacts with terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residues of globoside-like glycolipids. Antibody 1B2 reacts with β-galactosyl glycolipids and glycoproteins. Our light microscopic data suggest that these antigens may be located on the surfaces of axons of the vomeronasal and olfactory nerves as well as on some of their target neurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.

Emotional Impact Feedback Changes How We Remember Negative Autobiographical Experiences

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000042 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 354-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽

Deryn Strange

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

The Other ◽

Personal Perspective ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Potential Mechanism ◽

Negative Experiences ◽

Negative Memory ◽

The Relationship ◽

Negative Memories ◽

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.

Hawk kite as potential bird scare device (the case of pigeons and grain processing factory)

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2018_350 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 334-336

Author(s):

A. V. Matsyura

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Repellent Effect ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Grain Processing ◽

Feral Pigeons ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Bird Behavior ◽

Hooded Crows

Here we presented the preliminary results of hawk kite usage against the feral pigeons in some grain processing factory. We studied the temporal and spatial patterns of repellent effect and bird behavior. We suggested the feral pigeons gradually increase the level of tolerance towards the hawk kite if no additional repellent measures were undertaken. Moreover, even initially the feral pigeons demonstrate higher tolerance towards the hawk kite compared to the Rooks or Hooded Crows.

Coevolution

10.23943/princeton/9780691159843.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Avi Max Spiegel

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

The Political ◽

Over Time ◽

Islamist Movements

This chapter seeks to understand how Islamist movements have evolved over time, and, in the process, provide important background on the political and religious contexts of the movements in question. In particular, it shows that Islamist movements coevolve. Focusing on the histories of Morocco's two main Islamist movements—the Justice and Spirituality Organization, or Al Adl wal Ihsan (Al Adl) and the Party of Justice and Development (PJD)—it suggests that their evolutions can only be fully appreciated if they are relayed in unison. These movements mirror one another depending on the competitive context, sometimes reflecting, sometimes refracting, sometimes borrowing, sometimes adapting or even reorganizing in order to keep up with the other.

Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine

Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia ◽

10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.24 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 401-422

Author(s):

Estelle Variot

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Roman World ◽

Other Hand ◽

The One ◽

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

The Values and Norms of Islam

The Journal of Rotterdam Islamic and Social Sciences ◽

10.2478/jriss-2013-0008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Ahmed Akgunduz

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Legal Theory ◽

The Other ◽

Moral Norms ◽

Simple Fact ◽

Value System ◽

Legal Norms ◽

Islamic Legal Theory ◽

The World ◽

AbstractIslamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It was applied, through various schools of thought, from one end of the Muslim world to the other. It also had a great impact on other nations and cultures. We will focus in this article on values and norms in Islamic law. The value system of Islam is immutable and does not tolerate change over time for the simple fact that human nature does not change. The basic values and needs (which can be called maṣlaḥa) are classified hierarchically into three levels: (1) necessities (Ḍarūriyyāt), (2) convenience (Ḥājiyyāt), and (3) refinements (Kamāliyyāt=Taḥsīniyyāt). In Islamic legal theory (Uṣūl al‐fiqh) the general aim of legislation is to realize values through protecting and guaranteeing their necessities (al-Ḍarūriyyāt) as well as stressing their importance (al‐ Ḥājiyyāt) and their refinements (taḥsīniyyāt).In the second part of this article we will draw attention to Islamic norms. Islam has paid great attention to norms that protect basic values. We cannot explain all the Islamic norms that relate to basic values, but we will classify them categorically. We will focus on four kinds of norms: 1) norms (rules) concerned with belief (I’tiqādiyyāt), 2) norms (rules) concerned with law (ʿAmaliyyāt); 3) general legal norms (Qawā‘id al‐ Kulliyya al‐Fiqhiyya); 4) norms (rules) concerned with ethics (Wijdāniyyāt = Aḵlāqiyyāt = Ādāb = social and moral norms).

Fostering Collaborative Autonomy: The Roles of Cooperative and Collaborative Learning

Relay Journal ◽

10.37237/relay/010212 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 360-381

Author(s):

Gordon Myskow ◽

Phillip A. Bennett ◽

Hisako Yoshimura ◽

Kyoko Gruendel ◽

Takuto Marutani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Learning ◽

Cooperative Learning ◽

Learner Autonomy ◽

The Other ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Educational Context ◽

Learning Approaches ◽

Group Interactions ◽

Collaborative Autonomy ◽

The distinction between Cooperative and Collaborative Learning approaches is not a clear one. Some use the terms interchangeably while others consider Cooperative Learning to be a type of Collaborative Learning. Still others clearly differentiate between them, characterizing Cooperative Learning as more highly structured in its procedures, involving a great deal of intervention by the teacher to plan and orchestrate group interactions. Collaborative Learning, on the other hand, presupposes some degree of learner autonomy－that groups can work effectively toward shared goals and monitor their own progress. This paper takes the view that the distinction between Cooperative and Collaborative Learning is a useful one and that both approaches can play valuable roles in fostering autonomous interaction. It argues that while Collaborative Learning formations may be the ultimate goal for teachers wishing to develop learner autonomy, Cooperative Learning is a valuable means for modeling the skills and abilities to help students get there. The discussion begins with an overview of the two approaches, focusing on their implementation in the Japanese educational context. It then presents seven highly structured Cooperative Learning activities and shows how they can be modified and extended over time to encourage more autonomous interaction.

Industry Specialization by Auditors

Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory ◽

10.2308/aud.1999.18.1.1 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 200

Author(s):

Chris E. Hogan ◽

Debra C. Jeter

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Market Share ◽

Scale Economies ◽

The Other ◽

Industry Specialization ◽

Audit Market ◽

Audit Firms ◽

Regulated Industries ◽

Concentration Levels ◽

Dramatic changes in recent years in the audit market suggest the timeliness of an investigation of trends in auditor concentration and an extension of prior research (e.g., Danos and Eichenseher 1982). In recent press, large audit firms have claimed that specialization is a goal of increasing importance. Peat Marwick, for example, has restructured along industry lines, claiming to be recruiting professionals for national teams of multidisciplinary experts organized to “focus on the same industry to serve clients optimally.” On the other hand, litigation concerns might prompt auditors to diversify their risks by diversifying their clientele. In this study, we examine trends in industry specialization from 1976 to 1993 and the industry factors which may affect specialization; whether market share increases are greater for audit firms classified as specialists; and whether the nation's largest audit firms have increased their market share in the industries which they have identified as their focus industries. We find evidence that concentration levels have increased over this period, consistent with the claims of the large audit firms. We find that auditor concentration levels are higher in regulated industries, in more concentrated industries and in industries experiencing rapid growth, but lower in industries with a high risk of litigation. Levels of concentration have increased over time in nonregulated industries providing evidence that scale economies or superior efficiencies of heavy-involvement auditors are not limited to regulated industries but extend to nonregulated industries as well. We also find that for the audit firms classified as market leaders at the beginning of the year, market share has increased over time, whereas market share has declined for firms with a smaller share at the beginning of the year. This suggests that there are returns to investing in specialization.

Natives, Religion, and Race in Colonial America

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.25 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Linford D. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Colonial America ◽

The Other ◽

Native Peoples ◽

Religion And Race ◽

Racial Lines ◽

Modern Sense ◽

Although racial lines eventually hardened on both sides, in the opening decades of colonization European and native ideas about differences between themselves and the other were fluid and dynamic, changing on the ground in response to local developments and experiences. Over time, perceived differences were understood to be rooted in more than just environment and culture. In the eighteenth century, bodily differences became the basis for a wider range of deeper, more innate distinctions that, by the nineteenth century, hardened into what we might now understand to be racialized differences in the modern sense. Despite several centuries of dispossession, disease, warfare, and enslavement at the hands of Europeans, native peoples in the Americans almost universally believed the opposite to be true. The more indigenous Americans were exposed to Europeans, the more they believed in the vitality and superiority of their own cultures.