scholarly journals HERMESv3, a stand-alone multi-scale atmospheric emission modelling framework – Part 2: The bottom–up module

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-903
Author(s):  
Marc Guevara ◽  
Carles Tena ◽  
Manuel Porquet ◽  
Oriol Jorba ◽  
Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Multi Scale

Abstract. We describe the bottom–up module of the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System version 3 (HERMESv3), a Python-based and multi-scale modelling tool intended for the processing and computation of atmospheric emissions for air quality modelling. HERMESv3 is composed of two separate modules: the global_regional module and the bottom_up module. In a companion paper (Part 1, Guevara et al., 2019a) we presented the global_regional module. The bottom_up module described in this contribution is an emission model that estimates anthropogenic emissions at high spatial- (e.g. road link level,) and temporal- (hourly) resolution using state-of-the-art calculation methods that combine local activity and emission factors along with meteorological data. The model computes bottom–up emissions from point sources, road transport, residential and commercial combustion, other mobile sources, and agricultural activities. The computed pollutants include the main criteria pollutants (i.e. NOx, CO, NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds), SOx, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2 and CH4, only related to combustion processes). Specific emission estimation methodologies are provided for each source and are mostly based on (but not limited to) the calculation methodologies reported by the European EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Meteorologically dependent functions are also included to take into account the dynamical component of the emission processes. The model also provides several functionalities for automatically manipulating and performing spatial operations on georeferenced objects (shapefiles and raster files). The model is designed so that it can be applicable to any European country or region where the required input data are available. As in the case of the global_regional module, emissions can be estimated on several user-defined grids, mapped to multiple chemical mechanisms and adapted to the input requirements of different atmospheric chemistry models (CMAQ, WRF-Chem and MONARCH) as well as a street-level dispersion model (R-LINE). Specific emission outputs generated by the model are presented and discussed to illustrate its capabilities.

scholarly journals HERMESv3, a stand-alone multiscale atmospheric emission modelling framework – Part 2: bottom-up module

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Guevara ◽  
Carles Tena ◽  
Manuel Porquet ◽  
Oriol Jorba ◽  
Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Bottom Up

Abstract. We describe the bottom-up module of the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System version 3 (HERMESv3), a python-based and multiscale modelling tool intended for the processing and computation of atmospheric emissions for air quality modelling. HERMESv3 is composed of two separate modules: the global_regional module and the bottom_up module. In a companion paper (Part 1, Guevara et al., 2019) we presented the global_regional module. The bottom_up module described in this contribution is an emission model that estimates anthropogenic emissions at high spatial (e.g. road link level) and temporal (hourly) resolution using state-of-the-art calculation methods that combine local activity and emission factors along with meteorological data. The model computes bottom-up emissions from point sources, road transport, residential and commercial combustion, other mobile sources and agricultural activities. The computed pollutants include main criteria pollutants (i.e. NOx, CO, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2 and CH4, only related to combustion processes). Specific emission estimation methodologies are provided for each source, and are mostly based on (but not limited to) the calculation methodologies reported by the European EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Meteorological-dependent functions are also included to take into account the dynamical component of the emission processes. The model also provides several functionalities for automatically manipulating and performing spatial operations on georeferenced objects (shapefiles and raster files). The model is designed so that it can be applicable to any European country/region where the required input data is available. As in the case of the global_regional module, emissions can be estimated on several user-defined grids, mapped to multiple chemical mechanisms and adapted to the input requirements of different atmospheric chemistry models (CMAQ, WRF-Chem and MONARCH) as well as a street-level dispersion model (R-LINE). Specific emission outputs generated by the model are presented and discussed to illustrate its capabilities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawovi Mignanou Amouzouvi ◽  
Milohum Mikesokpo Dzagli ◽  
Koffi Sagna ◽  
Zoltán Török ◽  
Carmen Andreea Roba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
National Road

Background. Air pollution has become a major problem around the world and is increasingly an issue in Togo due to increased vehicular traffic. Gaseous pollutants are released by engines and are very harmful to human health and the environment. The fuels used on the major road in Togo, the N2, are adulterated with unknown contents and are of poor quality. Many of the vehicles come from neighboring countries, such as Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. Objectives. The present study aims to evaluate the pollution rate in Togo through the estimation of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particular matter (PM) on the international road, the National Road N2, in Lomé, compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard limit. Methods. The simulations of pollutant concentration were performed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Version 3 model, which is included in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (USEPA) AERMOD View software. The meteorological averages data were obtained from the local station near the National Road N2 in Togo in 2018. Hourly averages were calculated according to the European Monitoring Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 and were processed using AERMET View and a terrain pre-processor, AERMAP. For the model, the sources of pollution were the vehicles traveling on the road segment. The source was a line volume with 20 m of width and 2 m of height. The estimation methodology covered exhaust emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM contained in the fuel. Results. The simulations provided average hourly, daily and annual concentrations of the different pollutants: 71.91 μg/m3, 42.41 μg/m3,11.23 μg/m3 for SO2; 16.78 μg/m3, 9.89 μg/m3, 2.46 μg/m3 for NOx and below the detection limit, 0.62 μg/m3, 0.15 μg/m3 for PM, respectively. These results indicate that on the National Road N2 in Togo, the concentrations of SO2 were high compared to those of NOx and PM. The daily average concentration of SO2 was twice the permissible limits set by the WHO. Conclusions. Emissions obtained from the AERMOD for NOx and PM were less than the permissible limits set by the WHO, while the rate of SO2 was twice the permissible limit. The fuels used on this road were very rich in sulfur. The sulfur level in fuels must be monitored by stakeholders in Togo. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Continuous CH4 and  d13CH4 measurements in London demonstrate under-reported natural gas leakage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Saboya ◽  
Giulia Zazzeri ◽  
Heather Graven ◽  
Alistair J. Manning ◽  
Sylvia Englund Michel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Keeling Plot ◽  
Regional Emissions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gas Leaks

<p>Assessment of bottom-up greenhouse gas emissions estimates through independent methods is needed to demonstrate whether reported values are accurate or if bottom-up methodologies need to be refined. Previous studies of measurements of atmospheric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) in London revealed that inventories substantially underestimated the amount of natural gas CH<sub>4</sub><sup> 1,2</sup>. We report atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations and δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> measurements from Imperial College London since early 2018 using a Picarro G2201-i analyser. Measurements from Sept. 2019-Oct. 2020 were compared to the values simulated using the dispersion model NAME coupled with the UK national atmospheric emissions inventory, NAEI, and the global inventory, EDGAR, for emissions outside the UK. Simulations of CH<sub>4</sub> concentration and δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> values were generated using nested NAME back-trajectories with horizontal spatial resolutions of 2 km, 10 km and 30 km. Observed concentrations were underestimated in the simulations by 22 % for all data, and by 16 % when using only 13:00-17:00 data. There was no correlation between the measured and simulated δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4</sub> values. On average, simulated natural gas mole fractions accounted for 28 % of the CH<sub>4 </sub>added by regional emissions, and simulated water sector mole fractions accounted for 32 % of the CH<sub>4</sub>added by regional emissions. To estimate the isotopic source signatures for individual pollution events, an algorithm was created for automatically analysing measurement data by using the Keeling plot approach. Nearly 70 % of isotopic source values were higher than -50 ‰, suggesting the primary CH<sub>4 </sub>sources in London are natural gas leaks. The model-data comparison of δ<sup>13</sup>CH<sub>4 </sub>and Keeling plot results both indicate that emissions due to natural gas leaks in London are being underestimated in the UK NAEI and EDGAR.</p><p> </p><p><sup>1 </sup>Helfter, C. et al. (2016), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(16), pp. 10543-10557</p><p><sup>2</sup> Zazzeri, G. et al. (2017), Scientific Reports, 7(1), pp. 1-13</p>

scholarly journals Determining air pollutant emission rates based on mass balance using airborne measurement data over the Alberta oil sands operations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 4769-4816 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gordon ◽  
S.-M. Li ◽  
R. Staebler ◽  
A. Darlington ◽  
K. Hayden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Sands ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Implementation Plan ◽  
Bottom Up

Abstract. Top-down approaches to measure total integrated emissions provide verification of bottom-up, temporally-resolved, inventory-based estimations. Aircraft-based measurements of air pollutants from sources in the Canadian oil sands were made in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan on Oil Sands Monitoring during a summer intensive field campaign between 13 August and 7 September 2013. The measurements contribute to knowledge needed in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan on Oil Sands Monitoring. This paper describes a Top-down Emission Rate Retrieval Algorithm (TERRA) to determine facility emissions of pollutants, using SO2 and CH4 as examples, based on the aircraft measurements. In this algorithm, the flight path around a facility at multiple heights is mapped to a two-dimensional vertical screen surrounding the facility. The total transport of SO2 and CH4 through this screen is calculated using aircraft wind measurements, and facility emissions are then calculated based on the divergence theorem with estimations of box-top losses, horizontal and vertical turbulent fluxes, surface deposition, and apparent losses due to air densification and chemical reaction. Example calculations for two separate flights are presented. During an upset condition of SO2 emissions on one day, these calculations are within 5% of the industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. During a return to normal operating conditions, the SO2 emissions are within 11% of industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. CH4 emissions calculated with the algorithm are relatively constant within the range of uncertainties. Uncertainty of the emission rates is estimated as 20%, which is primarily due to the unknown SO2 and CH4 mixing ratios near the surface below the lowest flight level.

Application of ARPS–CMAQ modeling system for urban air pollutant emission abatementA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-334
Author(s):  
X. Y. Zhao ◽  
S. Y. Cheng ◽  
J. B. Li ◽  
H. Y. Wang ◽  
X. R. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Advanced Regional Prediction System ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Regional Prediction ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Quality Objective

A coupled advanced regional prediction system – community multi-scale air quality (ARPS–CMAQ) modeling system was applied to develop an abatement strategy for air pollutant emission in the Handan region of the northern China. The system was evaluated by comparing the simulated concentrations of particulate matter less than 10 µm (PM10) with the observed results in the study area during the four representative months in 2005. A process of planning emission abatement was applied by gradually reducing PM10 emissions from the original GIS-based emission inventory until a modeling emission scenario was obtained under which the simulated PM10 concentrations could satisfy the desired air quality objective. The air quality objective was represented by an air quality guideline satisfaction ratio of 80% to reach a daily PM10 concentration of 150 µg/m3 after the year 2010. The modeling system and results could provide sound basis for decision makers to develop an effective air quality management strategy.

scholarly journals Wind-Blown Dust Modeling Using a Backward-Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2845-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek V. Mallia ◽  
Adam Kochanski ◽  
Dien Wu ◽  
Chris Pennell ◽  
Whitney Oswald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dust Emission ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Dust Event ◽  
Lagrangian Particle ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Dust Modeling

AbstractPresented here is a new dust modeling framework that uses a backward-Lagrangian particle dispersion model coupled with a dust emission model, both driven by meteorological data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. This new modeling framework was tested for the spring of 2010 at multiple sites across northern Utah. Initial model results for March–April 2010 showed that the model was able to replicate the 27–28 April 2010 dust event; however, it was unable to reproduce a significant wind-blown dust event on 30 March 2010. During this event, the model significantly underestimated PM2.5 concentrations (4.7 vs 38.7 μg m−3) along the Wasatch Front. The backward-Lagrangian approach presented here allowed for the easy identification of dust source regions with misrepresented land cover and soil types, which required an update to WRF. In addition, changes were also applied to the dust emission model to better account for dust emitted from dry lake basins. These updates significantly improved dust model simulations, with the modeled PM2.5 comparing much more favorably to observations (average of 30.3 μg m−3). In addition, these updates also improved the timing of the frontal passage within WRF. The dust model was also applied in a forecasting setting, with the model able to replicate the magnitude of a large dust event, albeit with a 2-h lag. These results suggest that the dust modeling framework presented here has potential to replicate past dust events, identify source regions of dust, and be used for short-term forecasting applications.

scholarly journals First airborne in situ SO2 observations of two coal-fired power plants in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Potential for top-down emission estimate and satellite validation 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Klausner ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
Heinfried Aufmhoff ◽  
Robert Baumann ◽  
Alina Fiehn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Nikola Tesla

<p>Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) is known as a major air pollutant harmful to human health. Furthermore, it is a precursor gas of sulfate aerosol, which exerts a direct negative radiative forcing and thus leads to climate cooling. Anthropogenic SO<sub>2</sub> sources are primarily associated with the combustion of sulfur-rich fossil fuels. While the operation of flue gas desulfurization devices has led to large SO<sub>2</sub> reductions in western Europe, a hotspot of anthropogenic SO<sub>2</sub> sources remains in the Balkan region as recently observed from space by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite. Large coal-fired power plants with no or only incomplete SO<sub>2</sub> removal cause these high emissions.</p><p>Targeting these strong emitters, the DLR Falcon 20 aircraft was equipped with an isotopically on-line calibrated Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (CI-ITMS) to obtain detailed in situ SO<sub>2</sub> observations during the METHANE-To-Go-Europe aircraft campaign in autumn 2020. These SO<sub>2</sub> measurements were complemented by in situ observations of greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>), aerosol number concentrations, and other short-lived pollutants (CO, NO, NO<sub>y</sub>). Two flights, on November 2<sup>nd</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> 2020, focused on characterizing the pollution plumes downwind of two coal-fired power plants located in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Tuzla) and Serbia (Nikola Tesla), respectively. These power plants belong to the ten strongest SO<sub>2</sub> emitters in Europe, and according to the World Health Organization, both countries are among the most polluted ones in Europe.</p><p>We present a detailed analysis of the two DLR Falcon flights with strongly enhanced SO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios (exceeding 50 ppb), which were observed at low flight altitude (<1 km). Respective flight patterns were designed to allow for the evaluation of the TROPOMI vertical SO<sub>2</sub> column densities, and both flights were performed during cloud-free conditions. The airborne measurements and satellite data will also be complemented by hourly ground-based SO<sub>2</sub> measurements near both power plants. In addition, measurements are combined with state-of-the art model simulations from (i) the regional atmospheric chemistry climate model MECO(n); (ii) the atmospheric transport and dispersion model HYSPLIT; and (iii) the chemistry coupled Weather Research and Forecasting model WRF-Chem to improve the emission quantification of these power plants.</p>

scholarly journals Calculation and Analysis of Aircraft Pollutant Emission Based on Time Wake Separation Mode under Coastal Airport and Headwind Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Pan Wei-Jun ◽  
Zhang Heng-Heng ◽  
Zhang Xiao-Lei ◽  
Wu Tian-Yi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Time Separation ◽  
Final Approach

During the final approach, the headwind leads to a reduction of landing rate, which affects the achieved capacity and the predictability of operation, time, fuel efficiency, and environmental pollution. Under headwind conditions, ground speed decrease results in increased flight time. Time-based separation (TBS) changes the separation rule of the final approach, which changes the distance separation between two aircrafts into a time separation. This paper introduces the time-based separation (TBS) based on the distance-based separation (DBS). According to the aircraft landing schedule of each airport, the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) aircraft engine emission database, Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2), and meteorological data of Pu-dong airport, this study uses the modified P3-T3 aviation pollutant emission model to calculate, respectively, the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions based on distance separation mode and time separation mode. According to the calculation results, TBS operation mode can save 32.52%, 19.12%, and 30.41% fuel, reduce 28.93%, 17.9%, and 29.29% CO, 31.02%, 19.36%, and 33.78% HC, 30.85%, 16.42%, and 28.67% NOx, respectively, compared with the DBS operation mode at three stages of the day. It ends that TBS has an obvious optimization effect on fuel consumption and pollutant emission compared with DBS from data.

scholarly journals Determining air pollutant emission rates based on mass balance using airborne measurement data over the Alberta oil sands operations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3745-3765 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gordon ◽  
S.-M. Li ◽  
R. Staebler ◽  
A. Darlington ◽  
K. Hayden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Sands ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Implementation Plan ◽  
Bottom Up

Abstract. Top-down approaches to measure total integrated emissions provide verification of bottom-up, temporally resolved, inventory-based estimations. Aircraft-based measurements of air pollutants from sources in the Canadian oil sands were made in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring during a summer intensive field campaign between 13 August and 7 September 2013. The measurements contribute to knowledge needed in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring. This paper describes the top-down emission rate retrieval algorithm (TERRA) to determine facility emissions of pollutants, using SO2 and CH4 as examples, based on the aircraft measurements. In this algorithm, the flight path around a facility at multiple heights is mapped to a two-dimensional vertical screen surrounding the facility. The total transport of SO2 and CH4 through this screen is calculated using aircraft wind measurements, and facility emissions are then calculated based on the divergence theorem with estimations of box-top losses, horizontal and vertical turbulent fluxes, surface deposition, and apparent losses due to air densification and chemical reaction. Example calculations for two separate flights are presented. During an upset condition of SO2 emissions on one day, these calculations are within 5 % of the industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. During a return to normal operating conditions, the SO2 emissions are within 11 % of industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. CH4 emissions calculated with the algorithm are relatively constant within the range of uncertainties. Uncertainty of the emission rates is estimated as less than 30 %, which is primarily due to the unknown SO2 and CH4 mixing ratios near the surface below the lowest flight level.

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