scholarly journals The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: Model description and evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Müller Schmied ◽  
Denise Cáceres ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
Claudia Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Freshwater System ◽  
Global Hydrology

Abstract. WaterGAP is a global hydrological model that quantifies human use of groundwater and surface water as well as water flows and water storage and thus water resources on all land areas of the Earth. Since 1996, it has served to assess water resources and water stress both historically and in the future, in particular under climate change. It has improved our understanding of continental water storage variations, with a focus on overexploitation and depletion of water resources. In this paper, we describe the most recent model version WaterGAP 2.2d, including the water use models, the linking model that computes net abstractions from groundwater and surface water and the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model WGHM. Standard model output variables that are freely available at a data repository are explained. In addition, the most requested model outputs, total water storage anomalies, streamflow and water use, are evaluated against observation data. Finally, we show examples of assessments of the global freshwater system that can be done with WaterGAP2.2d model output.

The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1037-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Müller Schmied ◽  
Denise Cáceres ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
Claudia Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Freshwater System ◽  
Global Hydrology

Abstract. WaterGAP is a global hydrological model that quantifies human use of groundwater and surface water as well as water flows and water storage and thus water resources on all land areas of the Earth. Since 1996, it has served to assess water resources and water stress both historically and in the future, in particular under climate change. It has improved our understanding of continental water storage variations, with a focus on overexploitation and depletion of water resources. In this paper, we describe the most recent model version WaterGAP 2.2d, including the water use models, the linking model that computes net abstractions from groundwater and surface water and the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM). Standard model output variables that are freely available at a data repository are explained. In addition, the most requested model outputs, total water storage anomalies, streamflow and water use, are evaluated against observation data. Finally, we show examples of assessments of the global freshwater system that can be achieved with WaterGAP 2.2d model output.

The Waters of Kentucky

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Floodplain Management ◽  
Groundwater Infiltration ◽  
Vital Resource ◽  
Surface Water Storage ◽  
Management Issues

This chapter follows water through the hydrologic cycle in Kentucky and shows how water shapes the land and supports the life. It describes and quantifies precipitation, stream flow runoff, groundwater infiltration, and surface water storage in ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Water use and wastewater production and treatment are discussed. Suitability of soils and geology for septic systems are analyzed. Flooding and floodplain management issues are presented. The chapter illustrates our responsibility to maintain this vital resource for all life in the Commonwealth.

Evaluation of water shortage crisis in the Middle East and possible remedies

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Bozorg-Haddad ◽  
Babak Zolghadr-Asli ◽  
Parisa Sarzaeim ◽  
Mahyar Aboutalebi ◽  
Xuefeng Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region ◽  
Regional Water

Abstract Water resources in the Middle East region are becoming scarce, while millions of people already do not have access to adequate water for drinking and sanitary purposes. Water resources depletion has become a significant problem in this region that is likely to worsen. Current research by remote sensing analysis indicates a descending trend of water storage in the Middle East region, where agriculture plays a crucial role in socio-economic life. This study introduces an approach quantifying water depletion in the Middle Eastern countries, which are being challenged in the management of their water resources. Furthermore, this paper presents results of a survey assessing the status of water use and supply in Middle Eastern countries and outlines some potential remedies. Specifically, Iran's water use is evaluated and compared with its neighbors'. The water equivalent anomaly (WEA) and total water storage (TWS) depletion are two indexes of water scarcity calculated for Middle Eastern countries surveyed herein. Our analysis reveals that Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Iran are countries with very negative water scarcity indexes. These estimates prove that international cooperation is needed to manage available regional water resources and reverse depletion of natural water sources. It is demonstrated herein that virtual water trade can help remediate regional water shortage in Middle Eastern countries.

Assessing Impacts of Climate Extremes and Human Water Use on GRACE Total Water Storage Trends in Major U.S. Aquifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Scanlon ◽  
Ashraf Rateb ◽  
Alexander Sun ◽  
Himanshu Save
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
The U.S

<p>There is considerable concern about water depletion caused by climate extremes (e.g., drought) and human water use in the U.S. and globally. Major U.S. aquifers provide an ideal laboratory to assess water storage changes from GRACE satellites because the aquifers are intensively monitored and modeled. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of climate extremes and human water use on GRACE Total Water Storage Anomalies in 14 major U.S. aquifers and to evaluate the reliability of the GRACE data by comparing with groundwater level monitoring (~-23,000 wells) and regional and global models. We quantified total water and groundwater storage anomalies over 2002 – 2017 from GRACE satellites and compared GRACE data with groundwater level monitoring and regional and global modeling results.  </p> <p>The results show that water storage changes were controlled primarily by climate extremes and amplified or dampened by human water use, primarily irrigation. The results were somewhat surprising, with stable or rising long-term trends in the majority of aquifers with large scale depletion limited to agricultural areas in the semi-arid southwest and southcentral U.S. GRACE total water storage in the California Central Valley and Central/Southern High Plains aquifers was depleted by drought and amplified by groundwater irrigation, totaling ~70 km<sup>3</sup> (2002–2017), about 2× the capacity of Lake Mead, the largest surface reservoir in the U.S. In the Pacific Northwest and Northern High Plains aquifers, lower drought intensities were partially dampened by conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation and managed aquifer recharge, increasing water storage by up to 22 km<sup>3</sup> in the Northern High Plains over the 15 yr period. GRACE-derived total water storage changes in the remaining aquifers were stable or slightly rising throughout the rest of the U.S.</p> <p>GRACE data compared favorably with composite groundwater level hydrographs for most aquifers except for those with very low signals, indicating that GRACE tracks groundwater storage dynamics. Comparison with regional models was restricted to the limited overlap periods but showed good correspondence for modeled aquifers with the exception of the Mississippi Embayment, where the modeled trend is 4x the GRACE trend. The discrepancy is attributed to uncertainties in model storage parameters and groundwater/surface water interactions. Global hydrologic models (WGHM-2d and PCR-GLOBWB-5.0 overestimated trends in groundwater storage in heavily exploited aquifers in the southwestern and southcentral U.S. Land surface models (CLSM-F2.5 and NOAH-MP) seem to track GRACE TWSAs better than global hydrologic models but underestimated TWS trends in aquifers dominated by irrigation.</p> <p>Intercomparing GRACE, traditional hydrologic monitoring, and modeling data underscore the importance of considering all data sources to constrain water storage changes.  GRACE satellite data have critical implications for many nationally important aquifers, highlighting the importance of conjunctively using surface-water and groundwater and managed aquifer recharge to enhance sustainable development.</p>

Improvement of agriculture water resources management in large arid river basin through an integrated hydrological modeling approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Tian
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Agriculture Water

<p>The ability to dynamically simulate the supply and demand of irrigated water in arid and semi-arid regions is needed to improve water resources management. To meet this challenge, this study developed an agriculture water resources allocation (WRA) module and coupled this module to an integrated surface water-groundwater model GSFLOW. The original GSFLOW, developed by USGS, is able to simulate the entire hydrological cycle. The improved GSFLOW with the WRA module allows the simulation, analysis and management of nearly all components of agriculture water use. It facilitates the analysis of agricultural water use when limited data is available for surface water diversion, groundwater pumpage, or canal information. It can be used to simulate and analyze historical and future conditions. The improved GSFLOW program was applied to the Heihe River Basin (HRB), which is the second largest inland river basin in China. The calibration and validation results of the program shows that the program is capable of simulating both hydrological cycle and actual agriculture water use with limited data. Then the model was used to analyze a set of agriculture water use scenarios, for example, limiting groundwater pumpage, adjusting water allocations between the middle stream and the lower stream. Based on these scenarios, it was found that the improved model could be used as a decision tool to provide better agriculture water resources management strategies. The improved model could be easily used in other basins.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluating integrated water management strategies to inform hydrological drought mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3113-3139
Author(s):  
Doris E. Wendt ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Benedikt Heudorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Drought Management ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Managing water–human systems during water shortages or droughts is key to avoid the overexploitation of water resources and, in particular, groundwater. Groundwater is a crucial water resource during droughts as it sustains both environmental and anthropogenic water demand. Drought management is often guided by drought policies, to avoid crisis management, and actively introduced management strategies. However, the impact of drought management strategies on hydrological droughts is rarely assessed. In this study, we present a newly developed socio-hydrological model, simulating the relation between water availability and managed water use over 3 decades. Thereby, we aim to assess the impact of drought policies on both baseflow and groundwater droughts. We tested this model in an idealised virtual catchment based on climate data, water resource management practices and drought policies in England. The model includes surface water storage (reservoir), groundwater storage for a range of hydrogeological conditions and optional imported surface water or groundwater. These modelled water sources can all be used to satisfy anthropogenic and environmental water demand. We tested the following four aspects of drought management strategies: (1) increased water supply, (2) restricted water demand, (3) conjunctive water use and (4) maintained environmental flow requirements by restricting groundwater abstractions. These four strategies were evaluated in separate and combined scenarios. Results show mitigated droughts for both baseflow and groundwater droughts in scenarios applying conjunctive use, particularly in systems with small groundwater storage. In systems with large groundwater storage, maintaining environmental flows reduces hydrological droughts most. Scenarios increasing water supply or restricting water demand have an opposing effect on hydrological droughts, although these scenarios are in balance when combined at the same time. Most combined scenarios reduce the severity and occurrence of hydrological droughts, given an incremental dependency on imported water that satisfies up to a third of the total anthropogenic water demand. The necessity for importing water shows the considerable pressure on water resources, and the delicate balance of water–human systems during droughts calls for short-term and long-term sustainability targets within drought policies.

scholarly journals Reconstructed natural runoff helps to quantify the relationship between upstream water use and downstream water scarcity in China's river basins

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 2491-2505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyao Zhou ◽  
Yonghui Yang ◽  
Zhuping Sheng ◽  
Yongqiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Contribution Analysis ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The increasing conflicts for water resources between upstream and downstream regions appeal to chronological insight across the world. While the negative consequence of downstream water scarcity has been widely analyzed, the quantification of influence of upstream water use on downstream water scarcity has received little attention. Here non-anthropologically intervened runoff (natural runoff) was first reconstructed in upstream, middle stream and downstream regions in China's 12 large basins in the 1970s to 2000s time period using the Fu–Budyko framework, and then compared to the observed data to obtain the developmental trajectories of water scarcity, including the ratio of water use to availability (WTA) and the per capita water availability (FI; Falkenmark Index) on a decadal scale. Furthermore, a contribution analysis was used to investigate the main drivers of water scarcity trajectories in those basins. The results show that China as a whole has experienced a rapid increase of WTA stress with surface water use rapidly increasing from 161 billion cubic meters (12 % of natural runoff) in the 1970s to 256 billion cubic meters (18 %) in the 2000s, with approximately 65 % increase occurring in northern China. In the 2000s, the increase of upstream WTA stress and the decrease of downstream WTA stress occurred simultaneously for semi-arid and arid basins, which was caused by the increasing upstream water use and the consequent decreasing surface water use in downstream regions. The influence of upstream surface water use on downstream water scarcity was less than 10 % in both WTA and FI for humid and semi-humid basins during the study period, but with an average of 26 % in WTA and 32 % in FI for semi-arid and arid basins. The ratio increased from 10 % in the 1970s to 37 % in the 2000s for WTA and from 22 % in the 1980s to 37 % in the 2000s for FI. The contribution analysis shows that the WTA contribution greatly increases in the 2000s mainly in humid and semi-humid basins, while it decreases mainly in semi-arid and arid basins. The trajectories of China's water scarcity are closely related to socioeconomic development and water policy changes, which provide valuable lessons and experiences for global water resources management.

scholarly journals Demonstrating the impact of integrated drought policies on hydrological droughts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris E. Wendt ◽  
John P. Bloomfield ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Benedikt Heudorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Drought Management ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Managing water-human systems in times of water shortage and droughts is key to avoid overexploitation of water resources, particularly for groundwater, which is a crucial water resource during droughts sustaining both environmental and anthropogenic water demand. Drought management is often guided by drought policies to avoid crisis management and to actively introduce management strategies during droughts. However, the impact of drought management strategies on hydrological droughts is rarely assessed. In this study, we present a newly developed socio-hydrological model, simulating feedbacks between water availability and managed water use over three decades. Thereby, we aim to assess the impact of drought policies on both surface water and groundwater droughts. We tested this model in an idealised catchment based on climate data, water resource management practices, and drought policies in England. The model includes surface water storage (reservoir), groundwater storage for a range of hydrogeological conditions and optional imported surface water or groundwater. These modelled water sources can all be used to satisfy anthropogenic and environmental water demand. We tested four aspects of drought management strategies: 1) increased water supply, 2) restricted water demand, 3) conjunctive water use, and 4) maintained environmental flow requirements by restricting groundwater abstractions. These four strategies were evaluated in separate and combined scenarios. Results show mitigated droughts for both streamflow and groundwater droughts in scenarios applying conjunctive use, particularly in low groundwater storage systems. In high groundwater storage systems, maintaining environmental flows reduces hydrological droughts most. Scenarios increasing or restricting water demand have an opposing effect on droughts, although these scenarios are in balance when combined at the same time. Most combined scenarios reduce the severity and occurrence of hydrological droughts given an incremental dependency on imported water that satisfies up to a third of the total anthropogenic water demand. The necessity for importing water shows the considerable pressure on water resources and the delicate balance of water-human systems during droughts that calls for short-term and long-term sustainability targets within drought policies.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies Using Satellite Data to Evaluate Water Resource Shortages from 1980 to 2016 in the Inland Yongding River Basin, China

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kangning Sun ◽  
Litang Hu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Wenjie Yin
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Yongding River

Water resources in the Yongding River basin (YRB) are one of the important fundamental conditions in supporting regional water conservation and ecological development. However, the historical changes in water resources under recent human activities remain unknown due to very limited observation data. In this study, terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) as well as multiple precipitation and actual evapotranspiration products from satellites were collected, and the accuracy of the data was verified by observed data or pairwise comparisons. The TWSA during 1980-2016 was reconstructed by using the water balance method, and the reconstructed TWSA was verified using GRACE-observed TWSA, the average depth to groundwater in the Beijing Plain from historical document records and the observed runoff from Guanting Reservoir. The reconstructed TWSA data indicated that the significant decrease occurred during 2000–2016 and the average rate of decreasing trend was -11 mm/year, which may have been caused by a decrease in groundwater storage due to agricultural development. However, the reconstructed TWSA decreased slightly during 1980-1999. The establishment of the water storage deficit index (WSDI) showed that there was no drought or mild drought during 1980-1999; however, the water resource shortage during 2000-2016 was more serious due to groundwater storage decreases caused by agricultural development. The WSDI was verified by using the commonly used self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index. The findings are valuable for sustainable water resource management in the YRB.

scholarly journals Water use and quality of fresh surface-water resources in the Barataria-Terrebonne Basins, Louisiana

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny M. Johnson-Thibaut ◽  
Dennis K. Demcheck ◽  
Christopher M. Swarzenski ◽  
Paul A. Ensminger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Surface
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