scholarly journals Operational aspects of asynchronous filtering for flood forecasting

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2911-2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rakovec ◽  
A. H. Weerts ◽  
J. Sumihar ◽  
R. Uijlenhoet
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Model Update ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Forward Integration ◽  
Grid Based ◽  
Operational Aspects

Abstract. This study investigates the suitability of the asynchronous ensemble Kalman filter (AEnKF) and a partitioned updating scheme for hydrological forecasting. The AEnKF requires forward integration of the model for the analysis and enables assimilation of current and past observations simultaneously at a single analysis step. The results of discharge assimilation into a grid-based hydrological model (using a soil moisture error model) for the Upper Ourthe catchment in the Belgian Ardennes show that including past predictions and observations in the data assimilation method improves the model forecasts. Additionally, we show that elimination of the strongly non-linear relation between the soil moisture storage and assimilated discharge observations from the model update becomes beneficial for improved operational forecasting, which is evaluated using several validation measures.

scholarly journals Operational aspects of asynchronous filtering for hydrological forecasting

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3169-3203 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rakovec ◽  
A. H. Weerts ◽  
J. Sumihar ◽  
R. Uijlenhoet
Keyword(s):  
Ensemble Kalman Filter ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Hydrological Forecasting ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Model Update ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Forward Integration ◽  
Grid Based ◽  
Operational Aspects

Abstract. This study investigates the suitability of the Asynchronous Ensemble Kalman Filter (AEnKF) and a partitioned updating scheme for hydrological forecasting. The AEnKF requires forward integration of the model for the analysis and enables assimilation of current and past observations simultaneously at a single analysis step. The results of discharge assimilation into a grid-based hydrological model for the Upper Ourthe catchment in the Belgian Ardennes show that including past predictions and observations in the data assimilation method improves the model forecasts. Additionally, we show that elimination of the strongly non-linear relation between the soil moisture storage and assimilated discharge observations from the model update becomes beneficial for improved operational forecasting, which is evaluated using several validation measures.

Large Scale Basins With Small to Negligible Slopes

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Moisture Storage

Large basins with small to negligible slopes are seldom considered in the hydrological literature. An example of such basins is the Río Negro catchment in Uruguay. The first of this two-paper series showed the following special features: a) the existence of strongly developed horizontal layers and an essentially impervious B-horizon, b) significantly high soil moisture storage in terms of normally expected rainfall during a storm and c) the importance of vertical water transport processes to establish the soil moisture condition prior to a storm and its role concerning basin runoff response. These observations and hypotheses were taken into account by the lumped conceptual hydrological model called Hidro-Urfing through the percolation function and the basin runoff response function. This second paper shows its application to the Laguna I basin, a sub-basin of the Río Negro catchment with a surface area of 13,945 km2, and its ability to model the major storm hydrographs without any subdivision into smaller sub-basins. Modelling of low flows requires disaggregation of spatial-scale issues. A hydrological model of the entire Río Negro catchment did not previously exist.

Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). V. The water relationships in heath vegetation and pastures on the Makin sand

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Specht
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Soil Moisture Status

Heath vegetation shows a major flush of growth during the mediterraneantype summer season, a time when calculations of the soil moisture storage by the techniques of Thornthwaite (1948) or Prescott, Collins, and Shirpurkar (1952) indicate that severe drought conditions should oocur. Monthly observations on the moisture status of the Makin sand under heath vegetation and, for comparison, under various pastures are therefore recorded. The problems of obtaining an accurate water balance-sheet for such a heterogeneous vegetation as the heath are discussed. Difficulties in the use of the various techniques for measuring soil moisture in sand, which has a low pF of 1.85 at field capacity, are enumerated. The following relationships were found between the evapotranspiration index (Itr = Etr / Ew0.75) and the available water (W). These data were calculated for 6 ft of sand. (i) Heath vegetation (10–14 years old) log (2.4–Itr) = 0.420–0.0383 W (ii) Heath vegetation (burnt) log (2.4–Itr) = 0.461–0.0380 W (iii) Oenothera odorata Jacq. pasture log (2.4–Itr) = 0.395–0.0269 W (iv) Medicago sativa L. pasture log (2.4–Itr) = 0.390–0.0270 W (v) Ehrharta calycina Sm. pasture log (2.4–Itr) = 0.400–0.0339 W From these equations the mean monthly quantities of rainfall which may be stored in 6 ft of sand under the various treatments described were calculated. Drought conditions are shown to occur in December and January, but are relieved in the later months of summer. Even if the stored moisture below 8 ft is considered, the soil moisture status would be expected to be just sufficient to maintain the vegetation in a "dormant" state, and yet the major growth of the heath vegetation occurs at this time. The calculated mean annual values of Itr range from 0.53 to 0.60 for these perennial communities. Close approximations to the actual soil moisture status can be obtained by substituting these values for K in Prescott's formula for potential evaporation, i.e. Etr = K x Ew0.75. Supplementary data on transpiration, growth, and the root systems of the pastures are also included.

Soil water balance and evapotranspiration of irrigated cotton

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Balance Equation ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Moisture Storage

In a series of five irrigated cotton sowings (T2, T7, T9, T11, T14) evapotranspiration (Et) was determined for the period between October 1961 and October 1962 by observing frequently the changes in soil moisture storage, calculating through drainage, and solving for evapotranspiration in the water balance equation. Thus a water balance was obtained for each sowing extending over the entire crop.The average evapotranspiration in wet season sowings was of the order of 6·5 mm day−1 and in dry season sowings of the order of 4·5 mm day−1. The highest evapotranspiration values ranged between 10 and 12 mm day−1 in T2, T7 and T9 and between 7 and 9·5 mm day−1 in T11 and T14.

scholarly journals DESAIN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN LEACHATE (IPL) DI TPA ENTIKONG KABUPATEN SANGGAU

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
YENDI FRIADI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Unit Unit

ABSTRAK Leachate dapat didefinisikan sebagai cairan yang menginfiltrasi melalui tumpukan sampah dan telah mengekstraksi material terlarut maupun tersuspensi. Sistem instalasi pengolahan leachate bergantung pada debit dan karaktersitik leachate itu sendiri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperkirakan debit leachate yang dihasilkan oleh TPA Entikong sebagai acuan dasar perancangan/desain instalasi pengolahan leachate, merencanakan sistem instalasi pengolahan  leachate di TPA Entikong Kabupaten Sanggau serta mengetahui anggaran biaya yang diperlukan dalam perancangan IPL berdasarkan sistem pengolahan yang digunakan.Tahapan untuk mengolah dan menghitung data meliputi perhitungan debit leachate dan mendesain/merancang IPL. Debit leachate dihitung dari rata-rata hujan maksimum bulanan, dari data beberapa tahun atau dengan menggunakan metode neraca air yaitu metode pendekatan Thornhtwaite. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kuantitas leachate dalam metode neraca air ini adalah presipitasi, evapotransipitasi, surface run-off dan soil moisture storage. Proses desain IPL terdiri dari penentuan letak IPL, penentuan jenis pengolahan, penentuan sistem pengolahan yang ada di Indonesia, pemilihan desain IPL, melakukan perhitungan hidroulik terhadap desain sistem IPL terpilih, menentukan layout bangunan IPL, membuat gambar rancangan, perhitungan anggaran biaya serta membuat spesifikasi teknis pembuatan IPL.Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan menggunakan metode Thornthwaite didapat perkolasi tertinggi sebesar 185,43 mm dan diketahui luas area timbunan sampah TPA Entikong sebesar 1,06 Ha maka diperoleh nilai debit leachate sebesar 65,52 m3/hari. Kandungan organik (BOD) yang terdapat dalam leachate mempunyai nilai BOD sebesar 10.000 mg/L, sehingga metode pengolahan biologi sangat tepat digunakan untuk mengolah leachate di TPA Entikong. Sistem pengolahan yang digunakan adalah pengolahan secara biologi. Unit-unit pengolahan leachate TPA Entikong yang direncanakan adalah bak ekualisasi,  kolam anaerobik, kolam fakultatif, kolam maturasi dan constructed wetland. Besarnya total biaya yang dibutuhkan adalah Rp. 1.375.000.000,00 Kata-kata kunci : BOD, Leachate, Thornthwaite

Seasonal Movement PAtterns of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo in Southern Queensland

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJE Hill
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Seasonal Movement ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Pellet Counts ◽  
Moisture Storage

A 2-y study was made of seasonal movement patterns of the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus Shaw, in the Warwick district of south-eastern, and the Bollon district of south-western, Queensland. Faecal pellet counts were used to obtain indices of kangaroo usage of cleared country adjacent to cover. Kangaroos were sensitive to changes in forage status, particularly pasture phenology. As quality and quantity of forage reserves declined, animals made progressively greater use of cleared areas. This resulted in marked seasonal changes in distribution patterns. Of the variables quantified (rainfall, soil moisture storage and pasture growth), rainfall provided the best correlations with kangaroo usage of cleared country, explaining 55% (P = 0.002) of the variation in distribution at Warwick and 91% (P = 0.001) of that at Bollon.

Characteristics of soil moisture storage from 1979 to 2017 in the karst area of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanhong Deng ◽  
Shijie Wang ◽  
Xiaoyong Bai ◽  
Guangjie Luo ◽  
Luhua Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Moisture Storage

scholarly journals A Prior Estimation of the Spatial Distribution Parameter of Soil Moisture Storage Capacity Using Satellite-Based Root-Zone Soil Moisture Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 2580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Tian ◽  
Lihua Xiong ◽  
Bin Xiong ◽  
Ruodan Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
The Impact

Integration of satellite-based data with hydrological modelling was generally conducted via data assimilation or model calibration, and both approaches can enhance streamflow predictions. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of another approach that uses satellite-based soil moisture data to directly estimate the parameter β to represent the degree of the spatial distribution of soil moisture storage capacity in the semi-distributed Hymod model. The impact of using historical root-zone soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission on the prior estimation of the parameter β was explored. Two different ways to incorporate the root-zone soil moisture data to estimate the parameter β are proposed, i.e., one is to derive a priori distribution of β , and the other is to derive a fixed value for β . The simulations of the Hymod models employing the two ways to estimate β are compared with the results produced by the original model, i.e., the one without employing satellite-based data to estimate the parameter β , at three study catchments (the Upper Hanjiang River catchment, the Xiangjiang River catchment, and the Ganjiang River catchment). The results illustrate that the two ways to incorporate the SMAP root-zone soil moisture data in order to predetermine the parameter β of the semi-distributed Hymod model both perform well in simulating streamflow during the calibration period, and a slight improvement was found during the validation period. Notably, deriving a fixed β value from satellite soil moisture data can provide better performance for ungauged catchments despite reducing the model freedom degrees due to fixing the β value. It is concluded that the robustness of the Hymod model in predicting the streamflow can be improved when the spatial information of satellite-based soil moisture data is utilized to estimate the parameter β .

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