scholarly journals A Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach for Conducting Trade-off Analysis: Morocco’s Phosphate Industry in the Khouribga Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Amjad T Assi ◽  
Bassel T. Daher ◽  
Fatima E. Mengoub ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Dynamic Management ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Phosphate Industry ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The aim of the study is to apply the Nexus approach for conducting trade-off analysis between industrial and agricultural area, thus we developed Water-Energy-Food Nexus-Phosphate (WEF-P) Tool based on integrating the supply chain processes, transportation, and water-energy footprints. This study evaluated the impact of phosphate industry on regional water, energy, and food in Khouribga, the representative phosphate mining area of Morocco using the developed WEF-P Tool. To address the potential impacts on the water supply in agricultural areas, the field data of processes (from mining to transportation) were collected and applied to possible supply chain scenarios according to type of product (phosphate rock, slurry). Analysis of positive impacts of dynamic management suggest seasonal management of phosphate production to allow less phosphate production during the irrigation season (increasing available water for agriculture) and greater phosphate production during wetter seasons (when water demand for agricultural production is less). Additionally, the transport of raw phosphate as slurry through a pipeline increases the total water required to 34.6 million m3. This is a 76 % increase over the business as usual scenario (BAU)). The shift to slurry also produces an energy savings of nearly 80 % over BAU, which requires 204.0 million litre of fossil fuel, as compared to only 40.5 million litre needed for slurry transport. During May to July, the dry or water scarce season when irrigation is needed, total ground water use decreased from 5.8 to 5.2 million m3. Dynamic management of the phosphate industry can also save 143 MWh of electricity annually, accompanied with a reduction of 117 tons of CO2 emissions. In a changing climate, making water available at the right time and place requires analysis of complex scientific, technical, socio-economical, regulatory, and political issues. The WEF-P Tool can be used to assess user-created scenarios, offering a management-decision aid to effectively ensure more sustainable management of limited resources and increased reliability of water resources for both agricultural and industrial use. This study on the application of WEF Nexus to the Phosphate industry can be a roadmap for other industrial application where trade-offs between the primary resources exist.

scholarly journals A Water-Energy-Food Nexus approach for conducting trade-off analysis: Morocco's phosphate industry in the Khouribga region

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 4727-4741
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Amjad T. Assi ◽  
Bassel Daher ◽  
Fatima E. Mengoub ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Dynamic Management ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Phosphate Industry ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The study objective was to develop and use the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Phosphate (WEF-P) Tool to evaluate the impact of Morocco's phosphate industry on water, energy, and food sectors of Khouribga, which is the representative phosphate mining region of Morocco. The developed WEF-P Tool enabled a trade-off analysis based on integrating supply-chain processes, transportation, and water–energy footprints of the region. Field data from the mining to transportation processes were collected and applied to possible supply-chain scenarios in accordance with the type of product (phosphate rock and slurry). The potential impacts of the scenarios were considered in terms of the water supply in the agricultural areas. The analysis of the positive impacts of dynamic management suggests that seasonal management of phosphate production (less during the irrigated season, more during wetter or rainier seasons) is more effective. Additionally, while the transport of raw phosphate slurry through a pipeline increased the total water required to 34.6×106 m3, which is an increase of 76 % over the “business as usual” (BAU) scenario, it also resulted in an energy savings of nearly 80 % over BAU: slurry transport requires only 40.5×106 L of fossil fuel instead of the 204×106 L required to transport rocks. During the dry or “water-scarce” irrigation season (May to July), total groundwater use decreased from 5.8×106 to 5.2×106 m3. Dynamic management of the phosphate industry can also save 143 MWh (megawatt-hour) of electricity annually and can bring a reduction of 117 t of CO2 emissions. Making water available at the correct season and location requires analysis of complex scientific, technical, socioeconomic, regulatory, and political issues. The WEF-P Tool can assist by assessing user-created scenarios; thus, it is an effective management-decision aid for ensuring more sustainable use of limited resources and increased reliability of water resources for both agricultural and industrial use. This study on the applications of WEF Nexus to the phosphate industry offers a roadmap for other industrial application for which trade-offs between the primary resources must be considered.

Male Youth Activities and Metropolitan Context

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Black Male ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
White Male ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Activity Choices ◽  
The Impact

The research reported here examines the impact of metropolitan location on the activity choices of a sample of black and white male youths living in large metropolitan areas in the United States in 1980. The results of the analysis confirm that similar youths living in different metropolitan areas will make different activity choices. Furthermore, black male youths are found to be substantially more sensitive to metropolitan context than white male youths. The analysis also suggests that black and white disadvantaged youths respond differently to metropolitan context in terms of the trade-offs between activities. Disadvantaged black male youths are highly unlikely to be employed in all metropolitan areas and tend to trade-off staying in school with idleness, whereas disadvantaged white male youths tend to trade-off employment with idleness, depending on the metropolitan area they live in. This research confirms the importance of incorporating geographic context into our theoretical understanding of male youths' behavior. We must also, however, continue to address the implications of race as it shapes the context-dependent labor-market experiences of male youths.

A new framework for time-cost trade-off considering float loss impact

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameh Monir El-Sayegh ◽  
Rana Al-Haj
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Deterministic Optimization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Framework

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework for time–cost trade-off. The new framework provides the optimum time–cost value taking into account the float loss impact. Design/methodology/approach The stochastic framework uses Monte Carlo Simulation to calculate the effect of float loss on risk. This is later translated into an added cost to the trade-off problem. Five examples, from literature, are solved using the proposed framework to test the applicability of the developed framework. Findings The results confirmed the research hypothesis that the new optimum solution will be at a higher duration and cost but at a lower risk compared to traditional methods. The probabilities of finishing the project on time using the developed framework in all five cases were better than those using the classical deterministic optimization technique. Originality/value The objective of time–cost trade-off is to determine the optimum project duration corresponding to the minimum total cost. Time–cost trade-off techniques result in reducing the available float for noncritical activities and thus increasing the schedule risks. Existing deterministic optimization technique does not consider the impact of the float loss within the noncritical activities when the project duration is being crashed. The new framework allows project managers to exercise new trade-offs between time, cost and risk which will ultimately improve the chances of achieving project objectives.

Drone Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 352-384
Author(s):  
Marc Lacoste ◽  
David Armand ◽  
Fanny Parzysz ◽  
Loïc Ferreira ◽  
Ghada Arfaoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Security Market ◽  
Technical Design ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores the security challenges of the drone ecosystem. Drones raise significant security and safety concerns, both design-time and run-time (e.g., supply-chain, technical design, standardization). Two broad classes of threats are considered, on drones and using drones (e.g., to attack critical infrastructures or vehicles). They involve both professional and non-professional drones and lead to various types of attacks (e.g., IoT-type vulnerabilities, GPS spoofing, spying, kinetic attacks). Trade-offs involving hardware and software solutions to meet efficiency, resource limitations, and real-time constraints are notably hard to find. So far, protection solutions remain elementary compared to the impact of attacks. Advances in technologies, new use cases (e.g., enhancing network connectivity), and a regulatory framework to overcome existing barriers are decisive factors for sustainable drone security market growth.

scholarly journals COVID-19 outbreak: implications on healthcare operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Higor Leite ◽  
Claire Lindsay ◽  
Maneesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Healthcare Operations ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lean Practices ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic is considered a major disruptive event of this decade, raising unforeseen socio-economic implications worldwide. This novel virus has increased the influx of patients in hospitals, and healthcare organisations are facing unprecedented constraints in their operations to deal with increased demand and pressed capacity. Thus, this article evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems' demand, resources and capacity and provides research directions.Design/methodology/approachThis is a viewpoint article and uses timely information on healthcare operations from both scholars and managers, published by diverse sources during the COVID-19 outbreak.FindingsThe authors discuss the focus on “flattening the curve of infection” as a measure to protect healthcare, delay the impact of increased demand and reorientate healthcare supply chain practices. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the role of lean practices on managing demand and capacity and improving quality across healthcare operations and supply chain. Finally, the authors suggest research directions on modern operational issues that emerged during this pandemic, such as discussions around the sustainability of lean post-pandemic, “just in time” practices, inventory trade-offs and lack of organisational responsiveness during untenable events.Originality/valueIn this article, the authors provide a contemporary assessment of the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare operations, underscoring main economic and operational elements that can be affected, such as unforeseen demand, resources and capacity shortage. Therefore, the authors assess that healthcare organisations, practitioners and governments have to anticipate operational and economic impacts and, ultimately, to reassess their plans to deal with such adverse events.

scholarly journals Investigating Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies and Their Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China

Land ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Cheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
River Delta ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Yrd ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta

A comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem services (ESs) trade-off/synergy relationships has become increasingly important for ecological management and sustainable development. This study employed the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China as the study area and investigated the spatiotemporal changes in three ESs, namely, carbon storage (CS), water purification (WP), and habitat quality (HQ). A trade-off/synergy degree (TSD) indicator was developed that allowed for the quantification of the trade-off/synergy intensity, and the spatial pattern of the TSD between ESs in the YRD region to be analyzed. Furthermore, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to analyze the relationship between the influencing factors and trade-offs/synergies. The results revealed that CS, WP, and HQ decreased by 0.28%, 2.49%, and 3.38%, respectively, from 2005 to 2015. The TSD indicator showed that the trade-off/synergy relationships and their magnitudes were spatially heterogeneous throughout the YRD region. The coefficients of the natural and socioeconomic factors obtained from the GWR indicated that their impacts on the trade-offs/synergies vary spatiotemporally. The impact factors had both positive and negative effects on the trade-offs/synergies. The findings of this study could improve the understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of trade-offs/synergies and their spatially heterogeneous correlations with related factors.

scholarly journals Flight behaviour attenuates the trade-off between flight capability and reproduction in a wing polymorphic cricket

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A Guerra ◽  
Gerald S Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Flight Behaviour ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Gryllus Texensis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Short Bout ◽  
Costly Traits ◽  
The Impact

Flight-dimorphic insects have been used extensively to study trade-offs between energetically costly traits. Individuals may develop and maintain structures required for flight, or alternatively they may invest in reproduction. Previous experiments have not examined whether flight itself might affect investment into reproduction. As in other Gryllus species, flight-capable individuals of the wing polymorphic cricket, Gryllus texensis , incur an apparent reproductive penalty for being able to fly, expressed as smaller ovaries in females and lower courtship propensity in males, than their flight-incapable counterparts. We find that a short bout of flight eliminates the trade-off. Two days after the flight, the ovaries of flight-capable females were comparable with those of short-winged females. Similarly, flight markedly increased the probability of courtship behaviour. Our results suggest that the impact of the flight–reproduction trade-off described in earlier studies may have been overestimated.

scholarly journals Reinterpreting Fisher’s coordinated strategies: a longitudinal case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1166-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs

Purpose Much has been written about the need to align the supply chain with the product/market but it has proved, elusive especially in response to a supply change transitions. The purpose of this paper is to review the established theoretical models before considering how the realignment process can be better supported in the light of a longitudinal study. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a single apparel case where data were gathered over a five-year period involving multiple site visits, management interviews and archival data across three echelons of the supply chain. Repeated visits enabled the collection of contemporary evidence and the development and testing of the causal relationships. This case was part of a multi-case research project that explored the causal relationship between variation, uncertainty, performance trade-offs and buffering mechanisms (time, capacity and inventory). Findings The case analysis demonstrates how established theory and causal reasoning can be used to explain the trade-off oscillations that characterised this case. As with earlier studies, local cost considerations predominated, interspersed with strategic countermeasures. Fisher’s (1997) concept of coordinated strategies is shown to provide an effective means of clarifying the trade-off implications of the transition in support of proactive realignment. This concept is discussed in relation to other cases and literature before proposing how this could be developed and used as a basis for further research. Research limitations/implications This research was limited to a single case and although this involving several transitions the findings require further testing. Practical implications Supply chain redesign is of growing importance and with it the need to more effectively manage such transitions. This paper clarifies the need for supply chain orientation and offers means of clarifying the implications of such transitions to management. Originality/value This paper provides case evidence of the underlying operations management issues and the associated analysis.

scholarly journals Ensuring the Long-Term Provision of Heathland Ecosystem Services—The Importance of a Functional Perspective in Management Decision Frameworks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Walmsley ◽  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Isabel Alonso ◽  
Vicky M. Temperton ◽  
Werner Härdtle
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Heathland Management ◽  
Sod Cutting ◽  
Decision Frameworks

The ecosystem services framework can be used as a way of balancing economic, ecological and societal drivers in land management decision-making processes. As heathland management is typically linked directly to services, the aim of this study was to quantify trade-offs related to the effects of five common heathland management measures (grazing, mowing, burning, choppering, and sod-cutting) using quantitative data from empirical studies within a northwestern heathland in Germany. Besides important services (groundwater recharge and quality, carbon stocks and appreciation by the general public) we included ecosystem functions (balances of nitrogen, phosphorus and major cations) and the net cost of management implementation as trade-off components. We found that all management practices have advantages and disadvantages leading to unavoidable trade-offs. The effect of a management practice on the trade-off components was often closely related to the amount of biomass and/or soil removed during a management cycle (Rannual). Choppering and sod-cutting (large Rannual by involving soil removal) were very good at maintaining a low N system whilst concurrently increasing groundwater recharge, albeit at the cost of all other components considered. If the aim is to preserve heathlands and their associated ecosystem services in the long-term this trade-off is inevitable, as currently only these high-intensity measures are capable of removing enough nitrogen from the system to prevent the transition to non-heather dominated habitat types. Our study, therefore, shows that in order to maintain structural integrity and thereby the service potential a habitat provides, management decision frameworks may need to prioritize ecosystem functioning over ecosystem services. Burning and mowing (low Rannual) were best at retaining phosphorus, cations and carbon and had the lowest costs. Grazing (intermediate Rannual) provided the highest relative benefit in terms of groundwater quality and appreciation. Together these results can help identify management combinations in both space and time, which will be more beneficial for functions and services than management practices considered in isolation. Furthermore, our study assists in recognizing key areas of action for the development of novel management practices and can help raise awareness of the diversity of rare species and potential benefits to people that protected cultural landscapes provide.

scholarly journals The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1675) ◽  
pp. 20140299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Althouse ◽  
Kathryn A. Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Previous Theory ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Host Alternation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modelling Approach

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of ‘tortoise’ (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and ‘hare’ (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.

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