scholarly journals Analysis of the energy balance closure over a FLUXNET boreal forest in Finland

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 2683-2707
Author(s):  
J. M. Sánchez ◽  
V. Caselles ◽  
E. M. Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Friction Velocity ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Averaging Time

Abstract. The imbalance in the surface energy budget, when using eddy-covariance techniques to measure turbulent fluxes, is still an unresolved problem. Important progresses have been reported in recent years identifying potential reasons for this lack of energy balance closure. In this paper we focus on the data collected in a FLUXNET boreal forest site in Sodankylä, Finland. Using one month half-hourly data, an average Energy Balance Ratio (EBR) of 0.72 is obtained. The inclusion of the heat storage terms in the energy budget yields an improvement of about 6% in the total closure. The sensitivity of the energy balance closure to the turbulence intensity is analysed in terms of the friction velocity, and atmospheric stability/instability conditions. Significant better closure is obtained for high values of the friction velocity and unstable conditions. The mismatch in variable footprints for different fluxes is checked by analysing the dependence of the closure on wind direction. The inhomogeneities of the emplacement surrounding the flux tower induce a critical decrease in the EBR of up to 30% for specific wind directions. After filtering all unfavourable conditions, EBR=0.94. This is a reasonable good result for the energy balance closure. However there is still a 6% of the available energy unaccounted. Part of this remaining imbalance could be justified as the impossibility of the 30 min averaging time to capture the low frequency flux contributions, since the closure is improved by a 5% when the averaging time is expanded to 2 h.

scholarly journals Analysis of the energy balance closure over a FLUXNET boreal forest in Finland

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1487-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Sánchez ◽  
V. Caselles ◽  
E. M. Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Friction Velocity ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Averaging Time

Abstract. The imbalance in the surface energy budget, when using eddy-covariance techniques to measure turbulent fluxes, is still an unresolved problem. Important progresses have been reported in recent years identifying potential reasons for this lack of energy balance closure. In this paper we focus on the data collected in a FLUXNET boreal forest site in Sodankylä, Finland. Using one month half-hourly data, an average Energy Balance Ratio (EBR) of 0.72 is obtained. The inclusion of the heat storage terms in the energy budget yields an improvement of about 6% in the total closure. The sensitivity of the energy balance closure to the turbulence intensity is analysed in terms of the friction velocity, and atmospheric stability/instability conditions. Significant better closure is obtained for high values of the friction velocity and unstable conditions. The mismatch in variable footprints for different fluxes is checked by analysing the dependence of the closure on wind direction. The inhomogeneities of the emplacement surrounding the flux tower induce a critical decrease in the EBR of up to 30% for specific wind directions. After filtering all unfavourable conditions, EBR=0.94. This is a reasonable good result for the energy balance closure. However there is still a 6% of the available energy unaccounted. Part of this remaining imbalance could be justified as the impossibility of the 30 min averaging time to capture the low frequency flux contributions, since the closure is improved by a 5% when the averaging time is expanded to 2 h.

scholarly journals Analysing surface energy balance closure and partitioning over a semi-arid savanna FLUXNET site in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhle P. Majozi ◽  
Chris M. Mannaerts ◽  
Abel Ramoelo ◽  
Renaud Mathieu ◽  
Alecia Nickless ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Flux Tower ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Flux tower sites and data are in great demand to provide essential terrestrial climate, water and radiation budget information needed for environmental monitoring and evaluation of climate change impacts on ecosystems and society in general. They are also intended for calibration and validation of satellite-based earth observation and monitoring efforts, such as for example assessment of evapotranspiration from land and vegetation surfaces using surface energy balance approaches. Surface energy budget methods for ET estimation rely to a large extend on the basic assumption of a surface energy balance closure, assuming the full conversion of net solar radiation reaching the land surface into soil heat conduction and turbulent fluxes, i.e. the sensible (or convection) and latent heat components of the energy balance. Evapotranspiration is the conversion of the latent heat exchange fraction of the balance. In this paper, the Skukuza flux tower data were analysed in order to verify their use for validation of satellite–based evapotranspiration methods, under development in South Africa.Data series from 2000 until 2014 were used in the analysis. The energy balance ratio (EBR) concept, defined as the ratio between the sum of the turbulent convective and latent heat fluxes and radiation minus soil heat was used. At first typical diurnal patterns of EB partitioning were derived for four different seasons, well illustrating how this savannah-type biome responses to the weather conditions. Also the particular behaviour of the EB components during sunrise and sunset conditions, being important but usually neglected periods of energy transitions and inversions were noted and analysed. Annual estimates of the surface energy balance and its components were generated, including an evaluation of the balance closure. The seasonal variations were also investigated as well as the impact of nocturnal observations on the overall EB behaviour.

Energy balance closure in the Southwest Amazon forest site—a statistical approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Gonçalves Aguiar ◽  
Carlo Ralph De Musis ◽  
Leonardo José Gonçalves Aguiar ◽  
Mariano Martínez-Espinosa ◽  
Graciela Redies Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Energy Balance Closure

scholarly journals Evaluation of Evapotranspiration from Eddy Covariance Using Large Weighing Lysimeters

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Moorhead ◽  
Gary Marek ◽  
Prasanna Gowda ◽  
Xiaomao Lin ◽  
Paul Colaizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
Hourly Data

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component in the water budget and used extensively in water resources management such as water planning and irrigation scheduling. In semi-arid regions, irrigation is used to supplement limited and erratic growing season rainfall to meet crop water demand. Although lysimetery is considered the most accurate method for crop water use measurements, high-precision weighing lysimeters are expensive to build and operate. Alternatively, other measurement systems such as eddy covariance (EC) are being used to estimate crop water use. However, due to numerous explicit and implicit assumptions in the EC method, an energy balance closure problem is widely acknowledged. In this study, three EC systems were installed in a field containing a large weighing lysimeter at heights of 2.5, 4.5, and 8.5 m. Sensible heat flux (H) and ET from each EC system were evaluated against the lysimeter. Energy balance closure ranged from 64% to 67% for the three sensor heights. Results showed that all three EC systems underestimated H and consequently overestimated ET; however, the underestimation of H was greater in magnitude than the overestimation of ET. Analysis showed accuracy of ET was greater than energy balance closure with error rates of 20%–30% for half-hourly values. Further analysis of error rates throughout the growing season showed that energy balance closure and ET accuracy were greatest early in the season and larger error was found after plants reached their maximum height. Therefore, large errors associated with increased biomass may indicate unaccounted-for energy stored in the plant canopy as one source of error. Summing the half-hourly data to a daily time-step drastically reduced error in ET to 10%–15%, indicating that EC has potential for use in agricultural water management.

scholarly journals Extension of the Averaging Time in Eddy-Covariance Measurements and Its Effect on the Energy Balance Closure

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doojdao Charuchittipan ◽  
Wolfgang Babel ◽  
Matthias Mauder ◽  
Jens-Peter Leps ◽  
Thomas Foken
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Eddy Covariance Measurements ◽  
Averaging Time

scholarly journals Analysing surface energy balance closure and partitioning over a semi-arid savanna FLUXNET site in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhle P. Majozi ◽  
Chris M. Mannaerts ◽  
Abel Ramoelo ◽  
Renaud Mathieu ◽  
Alecia Nickless ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Friction Velocity ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance Closure ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Wet Season

Abstract. Flux towers provide essential terrestrial climate, water and radiation budget information needed for environmental monitoring and evaluation of climate change impacts on ecosystems and society in general. They are also intended for calibration and validation of satellite-based earth observation and monitoring efforts, such as assessment of evapotranspiration from land and vegetation surfaces using surface energy balance approaches. In this paper, 15 years of Skukuza eddy covariance data, i.e. from 2000 to 2014, were analysed for surface energy balance closure (EBC) and partitioning. The surface energy balance closure was evaluated using the ordinary least squares regression (OLS) of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible (H) and latent heat (LE)) against available energy (net radiation (Rn) less soil heat (G)), and the energy balance ratio (EBR). Partitioning of the surface energy during the wet and dry seasons was investigated, as well as how it is affected by atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation. After filtering years with bad data (2004–2008), our results show an overall mean EBR of 0.93. Seasonal variations of EBR also showed summer (0.98) and spring (1.02) were closest to unity, with winter (0.70) having the least closure. Nocturnal surface energy closure was very low at 0.11, and this was linked to low friction velocity during night-time, with results showing an increase in closure with increase in friction velocity. The surface energy partitioning of this savanna ecosystem showed that sensible heat flux dominated the energy partitioning between March and October, followed by latent heat flux, and lastly the soil heat flux, and during the wet season where latent heat flux dominated the sensible heat flux. An increase in net radiation was characterized by an increase in both LE and H, with LE showing a higher rate of increase than H in the wet season, and the reverse happening during the dry season. An increase in VPD is characterized by a decrease in LE and increase in H during the wet season, and an increase of both fluxes during the dry season.

scholarly journals Ablation modeling and surface energy budget in the ablation zone of Laohugou glacier No. 12, western Qilian mountains, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (66) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijun Sun ◽  
Xiang Qin ◽  
Wentao Du ◽  
Weigang Liu ◽  
Yushuo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Ablation Zone

AbstractGlacier surface melting can be described using energy-balance models. We conducted a surface energy budget experiment to quantify surface energy fluxes and to identify factors affecting glacial melt in the ablation zone of Laohugou glacier No. 12, western Qilian mountains. The surface energy budget was calculated based on data from an automatic weather station, and turbulent fluxes calculated using the bulk-aerodynamic approach were corrected using measurements from an eddy-covariance system. Simulated mass balances were validated by stake observations. Net shortwave radiation was the primary component of the surface energy balance (126Wm–2), followed by sensible heat flux. Net longwave radiation (–45Wm–2) and latent heat flux (–12.8 Wm–2) represented heat sinks. The bulk-aerodynamic method underestimated sensible and latent heat fluxes by 3.4 and 1.2 W m–2, respectively. The simulated total mass balance of –1703mmw.e. exceeded the observed total by 90 mm w.e. Daily positive accumulated temperature and low albedo were the main factors accelerating glacier melt. An uncertainty assessment showed that mass balance was very sensitive to albedo and varied by 36% when albedo changed by 0.1.

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