INTEGRATING DYNAMIC DATA AND SENSORS WITH SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CITIES

Smart cities provide effective integration of human, physical and digital systems operating in the built environment. The advancements in city and landscape models, sensor web technologies, and simulation methods play a significant role in city analyses and improving quality of life of citizens and governance of cities. Semantic 3D city models can provide substantial benefits and can become a central information backbone for smart city infrastructures. However, current generation semantic 3D city models are static in nature and do not support dynamic properties and sensor observations. In this paper, we propose a new concept called Dynamizer allowing to represent highly dynamic data and providing a method for injecting dynamic variations of city object properties into the static representation. The approach also provides direct capability to model complex patterns based on statistics and general rules and also, real-time sensor observations. The concept is implemented as an Application Domain Extension for the CityGML standard. However, it could also be applied to other GML-based application schemas including the European INSPIRE data themes and national standards for topography and cadasters like the British Ordnance Survey Mastermap or the German cadaster standard ALKIS.

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MODELLING CHANGES, STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RELATIONS IN SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-4-w2-2021-137-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol VIII-4/W2-2021 ◽

pp. 137-144

Author(s):

S. H. Nguyen ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Change Detection ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Structural Level ◽

Mathematical Methods ◽

Conceptual Approach ◽

3D City Models ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Virtual City ◽

City Models

Abstract. Urban digital twins have been increasingly adopted by cities worldwide. Digital twins, especially semantic 3D city models as key components, have quickly become a crucial platform for urban monitoring, planning, analyses and visualization. However, as the massive influx of data collected from cities accumulates quickly over time, one major problem arises as how to handle different temporal versions of a virtual city model. Many current city modelling deployments lack the capability for automatic and efficient change detection and often replace older city models completely with newer ones. Another crucial task is then to make sense of the detected changes to provide a deep understanding of the progresses made in the cities. Therefore, this research aims to provide a conceptual framework to better assist change detection and interpretation in virtual city models. Firstly, a detailed hierarchical model of all potential changes in semantic 3D city models is proposed. This includes appearance, semantic, geometric, topological, structural, Level of Detail (LoD), auxiliary and scoped changes. In addition, a conceptual approach to modelling most relevant stakeholders in smart cities is presented. Then, a model - reality graph is used to represent both the different groups of stakeholders and types of changes based on their relative interest and relevance. Finally, the study introduces two mathematical methods to represent the relevance relations between stakeholders and changes, namely the relevance graph and the relevance matrix.

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Building Virtual 3D City Model for Smart Cities Applications: A Case Study on Campus Area of the University of Novi Sad

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi9080476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 476 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dušan Jovanović ◽

Stevan Milovanov ◽

Igor Ruskovski ◽

Miro Govedarica ◽

Dubravka Sladić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

City Model ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The University ◽

The City ◽

City Models

The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the city should cover all aspects of the city that are relevant to the problems that require smart solutions. In this context, 2D and 3D spatial data play a key role, in particular 3D city models. One of the methods for collecting data that can be used for developing such 3D city models is Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a technology that has provided opportunities to generate large-scale 3D city models at relatively low cost. The collected data is further processed to obtain fully developed photorealistic virtual 3D city models. The goal of this research is to develop virtual 3D city model based on airborne LiDAR surveying and to analyze its applicability toward Smart Cities applications. It this paper, we present workflow that goes from data collection by LiDAR, through extract, transform, load (ETL) transformations and data processing to developing 3D virtual city model and finally discuss its future potential usage scenarios in various fields of application such as modern ICT-based urban planning and 3D cadaster. The results are presented on the case study of campus area of the University of Novi Sad.

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A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w9-19-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol IV-4/W9 ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Chaturvedi ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Semantic Information ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Data Models ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

3D City Models ◽

Semantic Data ◽

Different Types ◽

Support Time ◽

City Models

Abstract. Semantic 3D City Models are used worldwide for different application domains ranging from Smart Cities, Simulations, Planning to History and Archeology. Well-defined data models like CityGML, IFC and INSPIRE Data Themes allow describing spatial, graphical and semantic information of physical objects. However, cities and their properties are not static and change with respect to time. Hence, it is important that such semantic data models handle different types of changes that take place in cities and their attributes over time. This paper provides a systematic analysis and recommendations for extensions of Semantic 3D City Models in order to support time-dependent properties. This paper reviews different application domains in order to identify key requirements for temporal and dynamic extensions and proposes ways to incorporate these extensions. Over the last couple of years, different extensions have been proposed for these standards to deal with temporal attributes. This paper also presents an analysis to which degree these extensions cover the requirements for dynamic city models.

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Services Oriented Smart City Platform Based On 3d City Model Visualization

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-59-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol II-4 ◽

pp. 59-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Prandi ◽

M. Soave ◽

F. Devigili ◽

M. Andreolli ◽

R. De Amicis

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Data Infrastructure ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

Key Factor ◽

City Model ◽

City Models

The rapid technological evolution, which is characterizing all the disciplines involved within the wide concept of smart cities, is becoming a key factor to trigger true user-driven innovation. However to fully develop the Smart City concept to a wide geographical target, it is required an infrastructure that allows the integration of heterogeneous geographical information and sensor networks into a common technological ground. In this context 3D city models will play an increasingly important role in our daily lives and become an essential part of the modern city information infrastructure (Spatial Data Infrastructure). The work presented in this paper describes an innovative Services Oriented Architecture software platform aimed at providing smartcities services on top of 3D urban models. 3D city models are the basis of many applications and can became the platform for integrating city information within the Smart-Cites context. In particular the paper will investigate how the efficient visualisation of 3D city models using different levels of detail (LODs) is one of the pivotal technological challenge to support Smart-Cities applications. The goal is to provide to the final user realistic and abstract 3D representations of the urban environment and the possibility to interact with a massive amounts of semantic information contained into the geospatial 3D city model. The proposed solution, using OCG standards and a custom service to provide 3D city models, lets the users to consume the services and interact with the 3D model via Web in a more effective way.

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GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND LOW CARBON CITIES – OVERVIEW, EXPERIENCES AND NEW PERSPECTIVES –

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-467-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-4 ◽

pp. 467-474

Author(s):

A. Nowacka ◽

F. Remondino

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Google Earth ◽

Geospatial Data ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Spatial Analyses ◽

Low Carbon ◽

3D City Models ◽

Related Data ◽

City Models

Abstract. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their integration with 3D city models have become a common and powerful asset of cities for planning, visualization and decision-making operations in the fields of energy management, energy efficiency as well as transportation, public infrastructures, etc. The use of such solutions in urban spaces is still confined and mainly applied to visualization purposes (e.g. Google Earth) although geodata and spatial analyses can solve many problems towards the creation of smart cities. This paper presents an overview of various activities using spatial and non-spatial energy-related data integrated with 3D city models into GIS environments. It reviews existing solutions and reports two ongoing projects which deal with geospatial data for better planning and management of energy efficient public lighting and almost zero-consumption public buildings.

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DYNAMIC 3D VISUALIZATION OF FLOODS: CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w10-83-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-4/W10 ◽

pp. 83-87

Author(s):

K. Kumar ◽

H. Ledoux ◽

J. Stoter

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Open Data ◽

Water Levels ◽

Time Dynamic ◽

3D City Models ◽

Open Platform ◽

Review State ◽

City Models

Abstract. In this paper, we review state of the art 3D visualization technologies for floods and we focus on the Netherlands since it has a long history of dealing with floods and developing information technology solutions to prevent and predict them. We discuss the most recent advances in using 3D city models for modelling floods and discuss future directions. We argue that 3D city models provide a more realistic interpretation and assessment of floods e.g. information about the height of the water level and the number of floors that will be flooded. We present our framework to dynamically visualize floods in 3D using the Cesium 3D webglobe. An open platform using 3D city models for interactive visualization of different flood simulations can serve as a hub to involve all relevant parties such as water experts, policy developers, decision makers, and general public. We created a 3D terrain model with buildings of a study area in the Netherlands in CityJSON format. We implemented a software prototypes for converting 3D city models from CityJSON to Cesium specific glTF format for rendering over Cesium. We propose using CZML (Cesium Language) to represent time dynamic properties, water levels in our case. The developed framework which uses only open data and open-source software can be supportive in real applications such as planning for a city or municipal corporation, or for decision making.

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INTEGRATION OF DATA OBTAINED BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS SUCH AS A TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER AND UAV SYSTEM AND USE IN 3D CITY MODELS: THE CASE OF KÖYCEĞİZ CAMPUS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-187-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽

pp. 187-192

Author(s):

İ. Dursun ◽

A. Varlık

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

3D Models ◽

3D City Models ◽

Social Sciences And Humanities ◽

City Models

Abstract. The ever-growing and complex structure of cities has increased the need to include advanced information and communication technologies in management processes. In parallel with this, the concept of smart cities has emerged and the creation and use of three-dimensional (3D) city models have become one of the most important components for tracking cities online. Depending on technological advances; Photogrammetric methods come to the fore in surveying because it offers convenience in terms of cost and time. Among the photogrammetric methods, mobile laser scanning and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) systems have become very popular. In this study; Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (SBIF), located in Köyceğiz Campus, was chosen as the study area and focused on integrating three-dimensional (3D) models produced by terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry under the theme of smart cities.

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INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND VISUALIZATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w17-7-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XLII-4/W17 ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Chaturvedi ◽

Z. Yao ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Research Work ◽

High Level Architecture ◽

3D City Models ◽

Nested Structures ◽

Static Data ◽

High Level ◽

City Models

Abstract. CityGML is an international standard issued by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for representing and exchanging Semantic 3D City Models. Due to their large scale and deeply nested structures, the management and visualization of CityGML based models require sophisticated solutions such as the 3D City Database (3DCityDB). The research work presented in this article proposes a high level architecture for extending the 3D City Database to store and manage dynamic properties encoded within a new Application Domain Extension (ADE) of CityGML called Dynamizer ADE. The implementation employs the 3DCityDB 4.2 ADE Plugin Manager, which provides an automatic way for dynamically extending the 3DCityDB to support the storage and management of CityGML models with ADEs. The paper introduces a relational database model for storing and managing the Dynamizer ADE within the 3DCityDB. Further, the research work includes the extension of the 3DCityDB Importer/Exporter in order to import and export CityGML documents including Dynamizer ADE data. 3DCityDB already comes with a Web Feature Service (WFS) interface allowing CityGML features to be requested in standardized ways. The proposed framework enables CityGML Viewers to access static data (using OGC WFS interface) and dynamic data (using the OGC SWE interfaces) in an integrated fashion.

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