MODELLING CHANGES, STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RELATIONS IN SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

Abstract. Urban digital twins have been increasingly adopted by cities worldwide. Digital twins, especially semantic 3D city models as key components, have quickly become a crucial platform for urban monitoring, planning, analyses and visualization. However, as the massive influx of data collected from cities accumulates quickly over time, one major problem arises as how to handle different temporal versions of a virtual city model. Many current city modelling deployments lack the capability for automatic and efficient change detection and often replace older city models completely with newer ones. Another crucial task is then to make sense of the detected changes to provide a deep understanding of the progresses made in the cities. Therefore, this research aims to provide a conceptual framework to better assist change detection and interpretation in virtual city models. Firstly, a detailed hierarchical model of all potential changes in semantic 3D city models is proposed. This includes appearance, semantic, geometric, topological, structural, Level of Detail (LoD), auxiliary and scoped changes. In addition, a conceptual approach to modelling most relevant stakeholders in smart cities is presented. Then, a model - reality graph is used to represent both the different groups of stakeholders and types of changes based on their relative interest and relevance. Finally, the study introduces two mathematical methods to represent the relevance relations between stakeholders and changes, namely the relevance graph and the relevance matrix.

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Building Virtual 3D City Model for Smart Cities Applications: A Case Study on Campus Area of the University of Novi Sad

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi9080476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 476 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dušan Jovanović ◽

Stevan Milovanov ◽

Igor Ruskovski ◽

Miro Govedarica ◽

Dubravka Sladić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

City Model ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The University ◽

The City ◽

City Models

The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the city should cover all aspects of the city that are relevant to the problems that require smart solutions. In this context, 2D and 3D spatial data play a key role, in particular 3D city models. One of the methods for collecting data that can be used for developing such 3D city models is Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a technology that has provided opportunities to generate large-scale 3D city models at relatively low cost. The collected data is further processed to obtain fully developed photorealistic virtual 3D city models. The goal of this research is to develop virtual 3D city model based on airborne LiDAR surveying and to analyze its applicability toward Smart Cities applications. It this paper, we present workflow that goes from data collection by LiDAR, through extract, transform, load (ETL) transformations and data processing to developing 3D virtual city model and finally discuss its future potential usage scenarios in various fields of application such as modern ICT-based urban planning and 3D cadaster. The results are presented on the case study of campus area of the University of Novi Sad.

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A REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS ON EXTENDING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w9-19-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol IV-4/W9 ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Chaturvedi ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Semantic Information ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Data Models ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

3D City Models ◽

Semantic Data ◽

Different Types ◽

Support Time ◽

City Models

Abstract. Semantic 3D City Models are used worldwide for different application domains ranging from Smart Cities, Simulations, Planning to History and Archeology. Well-defined data models like CityGML, IFC and INSPIRE Data Themes allow describing spatial, graphical and semantic information of physical objects. However, cities and their properties are not static and change with respect to time. Hence, it is important that such semantic data models handle different types of changes that take place in cities and their attributes over time. This paper provides a systematic analysis and recommendations for extensions of Semantic 3D City Models in order to support time-dependent properties. This paper reviews different application domains in order to identify key requirements for temporal and dynamic extensions and proposes ways to incorporate these extensions. Over the last couple of years, different extensions have been proposed for these standards to deal with temporal attributes. This paper also presents an analysis to which degree these extensions cover the requirements for dynamic city models.

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Services Oriented Smart City Platform Based On 3d City Model Visualization

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-59-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol II-4 ◽

pp. 59-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Prandi ◽

M. Soave ◽

F. Devigili ◽

M. Andreolli ◽

R. De Amicis

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Smart City ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Data Infrastructure ◽

3D City Models ◽

3D City Model ◽

Key Factor ◽

City Model ◽

City Models

The rapid technological evolution, which is characterizing all the disciplines involved within the wide concept of smart cities, is becoming a key factor to trigger true user-driven innovation. However to fully develop the Smart City concept to a wide geographical target, it is required an infrastructure that allows the integration of heterogeneous geographical information and sensor networks into a common technological ground. In this context 3D city models will play an increasingly important role in our daily lives and become an essential part of the modern city information infrastructure (Spatial Data Infrastructure). The work presented in this paper describes an innovative Services Oriented Architecture software platform aimed at providing smartcities services on top of 3D urban models. 3D city models are the basis of many applications and can became the platform for integrating city information within the Smart-Cites context. In particular the paper will investigate how the efficient visualisation of 3D city models using different levels of detail (LODs) is one of the pivotal technological challenge to support Smart-Cities applications. The goal is to provide to the final user realistic and abstract 3D representations of the urban environment and the possibility to interact with a massive amounts of semantic information contained into the geospatial 3D city model. The proposed solution, using OCG standards and a custom service to provide 3D city models, lets the users to consume the services and interact with the 3D model via Web in a more effective way.

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GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND LOW CARBON CITIES – OVERVIEW, EXPERIENCES AND NEW PERSPECTIVES –

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-467-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-4 ◽

pp. 467-474

Author(s):

A. Nowacka ◽

F. Remondino

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Google Earth ◽

Geospatial Data ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Spatial Analyses ◽

Low Carbon ◽

3D City Models ◽

Related Data ◽

City Models

Abstract. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their integration with 3D city models have become a common and powerful asset of cities for planning, visualization and decision-making operations in the fields of energy management, energy efficiency as well as transportation, public infrastructures, etc. The use of such solutions in urban spaces is still confined and mainly applied to visualization purposes (e.g. Google Earth) although geodata and spatial analyses can solve many problems towards the creation of smart cities. This paper presents an overview of various activities using spatial and non-spatial energy-related data integrated with 3D city models into GIS environments. It reviews existing solutions and reports two ongoing projects which deal with geospatial data for better planning and management of energy efficient public lighting and almost zero-consumption public buildings.

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City Information Modelling: A Conceptual Framework for Research and Practice in Digital Urban Planning

Built Environment ◽

10.2148/benv.46.4.501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 501-527

Author(s):

Jorge Gil

Keyword(s):

Urban Planning ◽

Conceptual Framework ◽

Development Process ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Planning Support Systems ◽

Information Modelling ◽

Planning Support ◽

Digital Twins ◽

City Models

The digitalization of the urban development process is driven by the need for informed, evidence-based, collaborative and participative urban planning and decision-making, epitomized in the concept of Smart Cities. This digital transformation is enabled by information technology developments in fields such as 3D city models, Digital Twins, Urban Analytics and Informatics, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Planning Support Systems (PSS). In this context, City Information Modelling (CIM) has recently emerged as a concept related to these various technological driving forces. In this article, we review the state of the art of CIM (definitions and applications) in the academic literature and propose a definition and a general conceptual framework. By highlighting how the different disciplines are related to each other within this conceptual framework, we offer a context for transdisciplinary work, and focus on integration challenges, for research and development, both in academia and industry. This will contribute to moving forward the debate on digitalization of the built environment development process in the field of Smart Cities.

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INTEGRATING DYNAMIC DATA AND SENSORS WITH SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CITIES

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w1-31-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol IV-2/W1 ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. Chaturvedi ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

National Standards ◽

Dynamic Data ◽

Ordnance Survey ◽

3D City Models ◽

Landscape Models ◽

General Rules ◽

Model Complex ◽

City Models

Smart cities provide effective integration of human, physical and digital systems operating in the built environment. The advancements in city and landscape models, sensor web technologies, and simulation methods play a significant role in city analyses and improving quality of life of citizens and governance of cities. Semantic 3D city models can provide substantial benefits and can become a central information backbone for smart city infrastructures. However, current generation semantic 3D city models are static in nature and do not support dynamic properties and sensor observations. In this paper, we propose a new concept called Dynamizer allowing to represent highly dynamic data and providing a method for injecting dynamic variations of city object properties into the static representation. The approach also provides direct capability to model complex patterns based on statistics and general rules and also, real-time sensor observations. The concept is implemented as an Application Domain Extension for the CityGML standard. However, it could also be applied to other GML-based application schemas including the European INSPIRE data themes and national standards for topography and cadasters like the British Ordnance Survey Mastermap or the German cadaster standard ALKIS.

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INTEGRATION OF DATA OBTAINED BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS SUCH AS A TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER AND UAV SYSTEM AND USE IN 3D CITY MODELS: THE CASE OF KÖYCEĞİZ CAMPUS

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-187-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol XLVI-4/W5-2021 ◽

pp. 187-192

Author(s):

İ. Dursun ◽

A. Varlık

Keyword(s):

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

3D Models ◽

3D City Models ◽

Social Sciences And Humanities ◽

City Models

Abstract. The ever-growing and complex structure of cities has increased the need to include advanced information and communication technologies in management processes. In parallel with this, the concept of smart cities has emerged and the creation and use of three-dimensional (3D) city models have become one of the most important components for tracking cities online. Depending on technological advances; Photogrammetric methods come to the fore in surveying because it offers convenience in terms of cost and time. Among the photogrammetric methods, mobile laser scanning and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) systems have become very popular. In this study; Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (SBIF), located in Köyceğiz Campus, was chosen as the study area and focused on integrating three-dimensional (3D) models produced by terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry under the theme of smart cities.

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A MULTI-PERSPECTIVE APPROACH TO INTERPRETING SPATIO-SEMANTIC CHANGES OF LARGE 3D CITY MODELS IN CITYGML USING A GRAPH DATABASE

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-4-w1-2020-143-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol VI-4/W1-2020 ◽

pp. 143-150

Author(s):

S. H. Nguyen ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Graph Database ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Graph Representations ◽

3D City Models ◽

Digital Twins ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

Definition Of ◽

Fierce Competition ◽

Urban Planning And Management ◽

City Models

Abstract. In the age of virtualization, rapid urbanization and fierce competition, more and more “digital twins” of real cities are being created as a time, cost-efficient and especially user-oriented solution to many problems in urban planning and management. One prominent task is to efficiently detect progresses made by a city based on their virtual 3D city models recorded over the years, and then interpret them accordingly with respect to different groups of users and stakeholders involved in the process. The first half of the problem, namely automated change detection in city models, has been addressed in recent studies. The other half of the problem however, namely a user-oriented interpretation of detected changes, still remains. Thus, based on the current findings, this research extends the conceptual models and definition of different types of edit operations between city models using a graph database, where the graph representations of city models are also stored. New rules and conditions are then provided to further categorize these changes based on their semantic contents. Considering the different expectations and requirements of different groups of users and stakeholders, the research aims to provide a multi-perspective interpretation of such categorized changes.

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