CARBON SEQUESTRATION ESTIMATION OF STREET TREES BASED ON POINT CLOUD FROM VEHICLE-BORNE LASER SCANNING SYSTEM

Continuous development of urban road traffic system requests higher standards of road ecological environment. Ecological benefits of street trees are getting more attention. Carbon sequestration of street trees refers to the carbon stocks of street trees, which can be a measurement for ecological benefits of street trees. Estimating carbon sequestration in a traditional way is costly and inefficient. In order to solve above problems, a carbon sequestration estimation approach for street trees based on 3D point cloud from vehicle-borne laser scanning system is proposed in this paper. The method can measure the geometric parameters of a street tree, including tree height, crown width, diameter at breast height (DBH), by processing and analyzing point cloud data of an individual tree. Four Chinese scholartree trees and four camphor trees are selected for experiment. The root mean square error (RMSE) of tree height is 0.11m for Chinese scholartree and 0.02m for camphor. Crown widths in X direction and Y direction, as well as the average crown width are calculated. And the RMSE of average crown width is 0.22m for Chinese scholartree and 0.10m for camphor. The last calculated parameter is DBH, the RMSE of DBH is 0.5cm for both Chinese scholartree and camphor. Combining the measured geometric parameters and an appropriate carbon sequestration calculation model, the individual tree’s carbon sequestration will be estimated. The proposed method can help enlarge application range of vehicle-borne laser point cloud data, improve the efficiency of estimating carbon sequestration, construct urban ecological environment and manage landscape.

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Design of Light-Small Mobile 3D Laser Measurement System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3032 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 405-408 ◽

pp. 3032-3036

Author(s):

Yi Bo Sun ◽

Xin Qi Zheng ◽

Zong Ren Jia ◽

Gang Ai

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Digital Camera ◽

Scanning System ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

3D Laser Scanning ◽

Large Area ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Laser Scanning System

At present, most of the commercial 3D laser scanning measurement systems do work for a large area and a big scene, but few shows their advantage in the small area or small scene. In order to solve this shortage, we design a light-small mobile 3D laser scanning system, which integrates GPS, INS, laser scanner and digital camera and other sensors, to generate the Point Cloud data of the target through data filtering and fusion. This system can be mounted on airborne or terrestrial small mobile platform and enables to achieve the goal of getting Point Cloud data rapidly and reconstructing the real 3D model. Compared to the existing mobile 3D laser scanning system, the system we designed has high precision but lower cost, smaller hardware and more flexible.

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Evaluating Carbon Sequestration and PM2.5 Removal of Urban Street Trees Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs10111759 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1759 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yingyi Zhao ◽

Qingwu Hu ◽

Haidong Li ◽

Shaohua Wang ◽

Mingyao Ai

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Tree Species ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Tree Height ◽

Morphological Parameters ◽

Street Trees ◽

Ecological Benefits ◽

Urban Street

Street trees are an important part of urban facilities, and they can provide both aesthetic benefits and ecological benefits for urban environments. Ecological benefits of street trees now are attracting more attention because of environmental deterioration in cities. Conventional methods of evaluating ecological benefits require a lot of labor and time, and establishing an efficient and effective evaluating method is challenging. In this study, we investigated the feasibility to use mobile laser scanning (MLS) data to evaluate carbon sequestration and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) removal of street trees. We explored the approach to extract individual street trees from MLS data, and street trees of three streets in Nantong City were extracted. The correctness rates and completeness rates of extraction results were both over 92%. Morphological parameters, including tree height, crown width, and diameter at breast height (DBH), were measured for extracted street trees, and parameters derived from MLS data were in a good agreement with field-measured parameters. Necessary information about street trees, including tree height, DBH, and tree species, meteorological data and PM2.5 deposition velocities were imported into i-Tree Eco model to estimate carbon sequestration and PM2.5 removal. The estimation results indicated that ecological benefits generated by different tree species were considerably varied and the differences for trees of the same species were mainly caused by the differences in morphological parameters (tree height and DBH). This study succeeds in estimating the amount of carbon sequestration and PM2.5 removal of individual street trees with MLS data, and provides researchers with a novel and efficient way to investigate ecological benefits of urban street trees or urban forests.

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Application of Reverse Engineering Technology on Beverage Packaging

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.782 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 271-272 ◽

pp. 782-786

Author(s):

Chun Sheng Tao ◽

Qiao Bai ◽

Song Bai Ma

Keyword(s):

Reverse Engineering ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Scanning System ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Engineering Technology ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Engineering Software ◽

Laser Scanning System ◽

Beverage Packaging

This article briefly introduces the concept, processes and key technologies of reverse engineering. It demonstrate the feasibility and significance of application of reverse engineering technology on beverage packaging by rebuilding the model for a beverage bottle with complex geometries: firstly, acquiring point cloud data of the beverage bottle by 3D laser scanning system; then processing point cloud data and materializing model by using reverse engineering software; finally, rebuilding CAD model. The application could provide a new method of designing beverage packaging.

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Nondestructive Estimation of the Above-Ground Biomass of Multiple Tree Species in Boreal Forests of China Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10110936 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 936 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chen ◽

Feng ◽

Chen ◽

Khan ◽

Lian

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Boreal Forests ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Tree Height ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Multiple Tree

Above-ground biomass (AGB) plays a pivotal role in assessing a forest’s resource dynamics, ecological value, carbon storage, and climate change effects. The traditional methods of AGB measurement are destructive, time consuming and laborious, and an efficient, relatively accurate and non-destructive AGB measurement method will provide an effective supplement for biomass calculation. Based on the real biophysical and morphological structures of trees, this paper adopted a non-destructive method based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud data to estimate the AGBs of multiple common tree species in boreal forests of China, and the effects of differences in bark roughness and trunk curvature on the estimation of the diameter at breast height (DBH) from TLS data were quantitatively analyzed. We optimized the quantitative structure model (QSM) algorithm based on 100 trees of multiple tree species, and then used it to estimate the volume of trees directly from the tree model reconstructed from point cloud data, and to calculate the AGBs of trees by using specific basic wood density values. Our results showed that the total DBH and tree height from the TLS data showed a good consistency with the measured data, since the bias, root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R2) of the total DBH were −0.8 cm, 1.2 cm and 0.97, respectively. At the same time, the bias, RMSE and determination coefficient of the tree height were −0.4 m, 1.3 m and 0.90, respectively. The differences of bark roughness and trunk curvature had a small effect on DBH estimation from point cloud data. The AGB estimates from the TLS data showed strong agreement with the reference values, with the RMSE, coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CV(RMSE)), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) values of 17.4 kg, 13.6% and 0.97, respectively, indicating that this non-destructive method can accurately estimate tree AGBs and effectively calibrate new allometric biomass models. We believe that the results of this study will benefit forest managers in formulating management measures and accurately calculating the economic and ecological benefits of forests, and should promote the use of non-destructive methods to measure AGB of trees in China.

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Comparison of Time-of-Flight and Phase-Shift TLS Intensity Data for the Diagnostics Measurements of Buildings

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13020353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 353 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Czesław Suchocki

Keyword(s):

Phase Shift ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Time Of Flight ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Scanning System ◽

Intensity Data ◽

Building Walls ◽

Multiple Samples ◽

Laser Scanning System

In recent years, the terrestrial laser scanning system (TLS) has become one of the most popular remote and nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for diagnostic measurements of buildings and structures as well as for the assessment of architectural heritage. Apart from 3D coordinates, the power of a laser beam backscattered from the scanned object can be captured by TLS. The radiometric information of the point cloud, called “intensity”, can provide information about changes in the physio–chemical properties of the scanned surface. This intensity can be effectively used to detect defects in the surfaces of walls, such as cracks and cavities, moisture, biodeterioration (mosses and lichens) or weathered parts of the wall. Manufacturers of TLS mainly use two different principles for distance measurement, time-of-flight (TOF) and phase-shift (PS). The power of energy in both types of rangefinders might be absorbed or reflected in a slightly different way and provide more or less detailed radiometric point cloud information. The main aim of this investigation is to compare TOF and PS scanners in the context of using TLS intensity data for the diagnostics of buildings and other structures. The potential of TLS intensity data for detecting defects in building walls has been tested on multiple samples by two TOF (Riegl VZ400i, Leica ScanStation C10) and two PS (Z + F 5016 IMAGER, Faro Focus3D) scanners.

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THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECORDING OF BASTION MIDDLEBURG MONUMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-323-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B5 ◽

pp. 323-326

Author(s):

Z. Majid ◽

C. L. Lau ◽

A. R. Yusoff

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Cloud Model ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Third Party ◽

Scanning System ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Spherical Target

This paper describes the use of terrestrial laser scanning for the full three-dimensional (3D) recording of historical monument, known as the Bastion Middleburg. The monument is located in Melaka, Malaysia, and was built by the Dutch in 1660. This monument serves as a major hub for the community when conducting commercial activities in estuaries Malacca and the Dutch build this monument as a control tower or fortress. The monument is located on the banks of the Malacca River was built between Stadhuys or better known as the Red House and Mill Quayside. The breakthrough fort on 25 November 2006 was a result of the National Heritage Department through in-depth research on the old map. The recording process begins with the placement of measuring targets at strategic locations around the monument. Spherical target was used in the point cloud data registration. The scanning process is carried out using a laser scanning system known as a terrestrial scanner Leica C10. This monument was scanned at seven scanning stations located surrounding the monument with medium scanning resolution mode. Images of the monument have also been captured using a digital camera that is setup in the scanner. For the purposes of proper registration process, the entire spherical target was scanned separately using a high scanning resolution mode. The point cloud data was pre-processed using Leica Cyclone software. The pre-processing process starting with the registration of seven scan data set through overlapping spherical targets. The post-process involved in the generation of coloured point cloud model of the monument using third-party software. The orthophoto of the monument was also produced. This research shows that the method of laser scanning provides an excellent solution for recording historical monuments with true scale of and texture.

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Comparison of Backpack, Handheld, Under-Canopy UAV, and Above-Canopy UAV Laser Scanning for Field Reference Data Collection in Boreal Forests

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12203327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 3327 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eric Hyyppä ◽

Xiaowei Yu ◽

Harri Kaartinen ◽

Teemu Hakala ◽

Antero Kukko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Point Cloud ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Reference Data ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tree Level ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Individual Trees

In this work, we compared six emerging mobile laser scanning (MLS) technologies for field reference data collection at the individual tree level in boreal forest conditions. The systems under study were an in-house developed AKHKA-R3 backpack laser scanner, a handheld Zeb-Horizon laser scanner, an under-canopy UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle) laser scanning system, and three above-canopy UAV laser scanning systems providing point clouds with varying point densities. To assess the performance of the methods for automated measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH), stem curve, tree height and stem volume, we utilized all of the six systems to collect point cloud data on two 32 m-by-32 m test sites classified as sparse (n = 42 trees) and obstructed (n = 43 trees). To analyze the data collected with the two ground-based MLS systems and the under-canopy UAV system, we used a workflow based on our recent work featuring simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology, a stem arc detection algorithm, and an iterative arc matching algorithm. This workflow enabled us to obtain accurate stem diameter estimates from the point cloud data despite a small but relevant time-dependent drift in the SLAM-corrected trajectory of the scanner. We found out that the ground-based MLS systems and the under-canopy UAV system could be used to measure the stem diameter (DBH) with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2–8%, whereas the stem curve measurements had an RMSE of 2–15% that depended on the system and the measurement height. Furthermore, the backpack and handheld scanners could be employed for sufficiently accurate tree height measurements (RMSE = 2–10%) in order to estimate the stem volumes of individual trees with an RMSE of approximately 10%. A similar accuracy was obtained when combining stem curves estimated with the under-canopy UAV system and tree heights extracted with an above-canopy flying laser scanning unit. Importantly, the volume estimation error of these three MLS systems was found to be of the same level as the error corresponding to manual field measurements on the two test sites. To analyze point cloud data collected with the three above-canopy flying UAV systems, we used a random forest model trained on field reference data collected from nearby plots. Using the random forest model, we were able to estimate the DBH of individual trees with an RMSE of 10–20%, the tree height with an RMSE of 2–8%, and the stem volume with an RMSE of 20–50%. Our results indicate that ground-based and under-canopy MLS systems provide a promising approach for field reference data collection at the individual tree level, whereas the accuracy of above-canopy UAV laser scanning systems is not yet sufficient for predicting stem attributes of individual trees for field reference data with a high accuracy.

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An Assessment of High-Density UAV Point Clouds for the Measurement of Young Forestry Trials

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12244039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 4039

Author(s):

Robin J. L. Hartley ◽

Ellen Mae Leonardo ◽

Peter Massam ◽

Michael S. Watt ◽

Honey Jane Estarija ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Tree Height ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Mean Bias Error ◽

Bias Error ◽

Scanning System ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

A Minor ◽

Laser Scanning System

The measurement of forestry trials is a costly and time-consuming process. Over the past few years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have provided some significant developments that could improve cost and time efficiencies. However, little research has examined the accuracies of these technologies for measuring young trees. This study compared the data captured by a UAV laser scanning system (ULS), and UAV structure from motion photogrammetry (SfM), with traditional field-measured heights in a series of forestry trials in the central North Island of New Zealand. Data were captured from UAVs, and then processed into point clouds, from which heights were derived and compared to field measurements. The results show that predictions from both ULS and SfM were very strongly correlated to tree heights (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 5.91%, and R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 18.5%, respectively) but that the height underprediction was markedly lower for ULS than SfM (Mean Bias Error = 0.05 vs. 0.38 m). Integration of a ULS DTM to the SfM made a minor improvement in precision (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 16.5%). Through plotting error against tree height, we identified a minimum threshold of 1 m, under which the accuracy of height measurements using ULS and SfM significantly declines. Our results show that SfM and ULS data collected from UAV remote sensing can be used to accurately measure height in young forestry trials. It is hoped that this study will give foresters and tree breeders the confidence to start to operationalise this technology for monitoring trials.

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