scholarly journals SENTINEL-1&2 FOR NEAR REAL TIME CROPPING PATTERN MONITORING IN DROUGHT PRONE AREAS. APPLICATION TO IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS IN TELANGANA, SOUTH-INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
S. Ferrant ◽  
A. Selles ◽  
M. Le Page ◽  
A. AlBitar ◽  
S. Mermoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South India ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Irrigated Crops

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Indian agriculture relies on monsoon rainfall and irrigation from surface and groundwater. The inter-annual variability of monsoon rainfalls is high, which forces South Indian farmers to adapt their irrigated area extents to local water availability. We are developing and testing an automatic methodology for monitoring spatio-temporal variations of irrigated crops in near real time based on Sentinel-1 and -2 data feed over the Telangana State, South India. These freely available radar and optical data are systematically acquired worldwide, over India since 2016, on a weekly basis. Their high spatial resolution (10&amp;ndash;20&amp;thinsp;m) are well adapted to the small size field crops that is common in India. We have focused first on drought prone areas, North of Hyderabad. Crop fraction remains low and varies widely (from 10 to 60%, ISRO-NRSC, Bhuvan). Those upstream areas, mainly irrigated with groundwater, are composed by less than 20% of irrigated areas during the dry season (Rabi, December to March) and up to 60% of the surface is used for crop production during the Kharif (June to November), which includes rainfed cotton and drip irrigated maize crops and inundated rice. A machine learning algorithm, the Random Forest (RF) method, was automatically used over 6 growing seasons (January to March and July to November, from 2016 to 2018) from the Sentinel-1&amp;amp;2 data stacked for each season, to create crop mapping at 10&amp;thinsp;m resolution over a study area located in the north of Hyderabad (210 by 110&amp;thinsp;km). Six seasonal land cover field surveys were used to train and validate the classifier, with a specific effort on rice and maize field sampling. The lowest irrigated area extents were found for driest conditions in Rabi 2016 and Kharif 2016, accounting for 3.5 and 5% with moderate classification confusion. This confusion decreases with the increase of irrigated crops areas during Rabi 2017. For this season, 22% of rice and 9% of irrigated crops were detected after heavy rainfall events in September 2017, which have filled surface water tanks (3.4% of the surface area) and groundwater (Central Groundwater Board observations). From this abundance situation, the surface water detected for each season decreased regularly to less than 0.3% together with the rice and irrigated area extents respectively from 22 to 11% and 10 to 3%, despite a good monsoon 2017. Groundwater level show similar trends, with a drop from 20 meters depth in October 2016 and 2017 to more than 30&amp;thinsp;m in June 2018 (more recent available data). The deficit of the monsoon 2018 will certainly bring this situation to a hydrological drought at the beginning of 2019, probably similar to the Rabi 2016 situation. The estimated Irrigated Water Demand (IWD) varies from 51 to 310&amp;thinsp;mm/season, depending on water availability. This methodology shows the potential of automatically monitoring, in near real time, with standard computers, irrigated area extents presenting fast high resolution variability. As it is based on standard global satellite acquisitions, it is foreseen to be used for other regions, for any studies on farmer’s adaptation to climate and hydrological variability, as a proxy to estimate irrigation water needs and water resources availability. In Telangana for instance, it provides an inventory of crop production and irrigation practices before the implementation of mega project infrastructures funded by this new state: - the Kâkâtiya tank restoration program to enhance monsoon runoff capture or the Kaleshwaram project to divert Godavari river water toward upstream Telangana region through tunnels and canals in 20 giant reservoirs.</p>

scholarly journals OPTIMASI PENGELOLAAN AIR BENDUNG CAWAK UNTUK DAERAH IRIGASI CAWAK DENGAN PROGRAM SOLVER (Studi kasus : Kemanteren Nglumber_Kecamatan Kepohbaru_Kabupaten Bojonegoro)

EXTRAPOLASI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Hudhiyantoro Hudhiyantoro ◽  
Bayu Aji Dwi Saputro
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Area Mt ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Irrigated Area

AbstractBendung Cawak is located in the district of Kepohbaru, Bojonegoro. Bendung Cawak is used for irrigation and water supplies of Kepohbaru, water availability is insufficient, while the amount of land and also residents who need water, so optimization Bendung Cawak is necessary for the water pitcher bendung can be optimized according to the needs.In this study, to maximize the area of land irrigated area to be optimized. In the optimization model used is the optimization of the monthly for 1 year by calculating the area of irrigated land available, land irrigation is met, the greater availability of water and irrigation needs are met. Optimization method used in this calculation is Program Solver.The results obtained by the reliable discharge available in the Cawak dam reservoir are 2.547 m3 / second. The need for irrigation water with the cropping pattern of Palawija-Padi-Padi at the beginning of planting in August I is 0.579 l / sec / ha as a planting plan with the minimum water requirements. As well as optimization, the optimum cropping pattern and initial planting are August I with the Palawija-Padi-Padi planting intensity 291% and with irrigation area MT I 675 ha, MT II 742 ha, MT III 742 ha. AbstrakBendung Cawak terletak di Kecamatan Kepohbaru, Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Layanan Bendung Cawak dipergunakan untuk keperluan irigasi di Daerah Irigasi Cawak Kecamatan Kepohbaru, ketersediaan air yang tidak mencukupi sedangkan banyaknya lahan yang membutuhkan air , sehingga Optimasi Bendung Cawak sangat diperlukan agar air tampungan Bendung dapat dioptimalkan sesuaidengan kebutuhan.Pada studi ini, untuk memaksimalkan luas lahan irigasi dilakukan optimasi luas lahan irigasi . Dalam model optimasi yang digunakan adalah optimasi satu bulanan selama 1 tahun dengan memperhitungkan luas lahan irigasi yang tersedia, luas lahan irigasi yang terpenuhi, besarnya ketersediaan debit air maksimal, dan kebutuhan air irigasi yang dipenuhi. Metode optimasi yang digunakan dalam perhitungan ini yaitu Program Solver.Hasil yang diperoleh debit andalan yang tersedia di tampungan bendung cawak adalah 2,547 m3/detik. kebutuhan air irigasi dengan pola tanam Palawija-Padi-Padi awal tanam Agustus I itu sebesar 0,579 lt/dtk/ha sebagai rencana tanam dengan kebutuhan air paling minimum.Serta optimasi didapatkan pola tanam dan awal tanam yang paling optimum adalah Agustus I dengan pola tanam Palawija-Padi-Padi intensitas tanam 291% dan dengan luas areal irigasi MT I 675 ha, MT II 742 ha, MT III 742 ha.

Crop Productivity Enhancement under Soybean Based Cropping System through Harvested Rain Water in Malwa Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H. Ranade ◽  
M.L. Jadav ◽  
Indu Swarup ◽  
O.P. Girothia ◽  
D.V. Bhagat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Net Return

Background: Rainwater harvesting is commonly practiced in areas, where the rainfall is insufficient for crop growing. Due to the intermittent nature of run-off events, it is necessary to store the maximum possible amount of rainwater during the rainy season so that it may be used as irrigation to enhance the crop productivity and farm income under soybean based cropping system.Methods: A study was carried out during 2018-2019 in Indore district of Malwa region. Rainwater harvesting tanks at on station (42´21´2.4m) and on farm (15´11´4m) were constructed for irrigation water availability. Provision of water harvesting tank increased the irrigation water availability (1781m3 and 630m3 respectively) and stored water was managed through various irrigation systems viz. rain gun, drip and flood.Result: It was resulted that the provision of water harvesting tanks enhanced the crop productivity and farm income under soybean based cropping system. Availability of irrigation encouraged the farmers to diversify the cropping pattern (soybean-chickpea, soybean -wheat). It is also clear from the study that even with smaller storage tank and through conjunctive use of ground (1164.2m3) and surface water (596m3), multiple crops (Soybean, potato, sweet corn, chickpea, onion, garlic etc.) can be grown. Soybean-Chickpea cropping system at station gave the net return of 70976 Rs/ha with B: C ratio of 3.15. Soybean-Wheat cropping system at farm gave the net return of 119000 Rs/ha with B:C ratio of 3.38. 

scholarly journals Optimization of irrigation water use to increase the benefit of agricultural products

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Edy Anto Soentoro ◽  
Erlangga Perwira ◽  
Yadi Suryadi ◽  
Winskayati
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Planting Method

Shortage of irrigation water supply in dry season prevents many farmers from growing their crops, and the annual benefit from agricultural products will decrease as much as the area of irrigation fields which have lack of water. The objective of this study is to determine the maximum benefit from agricultural products based on water availability, by determining the appropriate cropping pattern and maximum planting areas through linear programming. The case-study location is at Leuwi Kuya Irrigation Region. Planting schedule is selected based on minimum water shortage from simulation of 6 alternative planting schedules. Then, the best pattern of cropping (planting method and the total area) is determined using linear programming. Optimization is carried out in 3 scenarios with various planting methods (conventional and SRI), minimum irrigation water demand (class-area system), and schedule for beginning of the 3-growing seasons annually. Result of this study is the optimal area of the irrigated region that can be planted based on the water availability. The maximum benefit is 89 billion rupiahs, using SRI planting method and distribution of three groups of irrigation fields in water supply schedule.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the water management strategies with the focus on agricultural water use: A case study on Upper-Sakarya River Basin in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beyza Özel ◽  
Yasemin Demir ◽  
Oğuz Başkan ◽  
Emre Alp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Sakarya River ◽  
Technical Measures

&lt;p&gt;Water, energy and food nexus is an integrated framework suggests that the security of one resource is inevitably linked to another&amp;#8217;s. Water availability assures healthy food production whereas agriculture is the dominant user of global freshwater. Water stress due to population growth, climate change or malpractices threatens food security. Within the scope of water for food governance, the water efficiency of agricultural irrigation has to be improved to aid sustainable water and agricultural management. The study investigates water availability and withdrawals, evaluates water resources management scenarios in the agricultural sector in the Sakarya River Basin, Turkey&amp;#8217;s third-largest river basin. Demand-oriented management scenarios propose a variety of technical measures which include improvements in irrigation technology, shifts in the cropping pattern and water-saving irrigation strategies. The effectiveness of scenarios was evaluated using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system developed for the upper sub-basin where significant agricultural activities are held with approximately 1 million ha of total effective arable land. WEAP is an integrated water resources system modeling that operates based on the principle of water balance accounting. A climate data set of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were applied across each sub-basin, partitioned into land-use classes. A one dimensional, two-bucket model for each land-use class transmits water as surface runoff, interflow, percolation, baseflow and evapotranspiration components. The model was calibrated and validated for observed streamflow, reservoir volume, and irrigation water amount. The mean annual precipitation and evapotranspiration in the upper sub-basin are 387 mm/a and 245 mm/a respectively. Agriculture is the dominant user of both surface water and groundwater resources and accounts for the %88 of total water withdrawals in the upper sub-basin. Impacts of agricultural management on irrigation water supply and flow dynamics of streamflow gauges were evaluated upon each measure. When compared to a historic baseline scenario, efficient management measures can save irrigation water up to %10 by shifting crop patterns from sunflower to safflower, %6 by establishing drip irrigation instead of sprinkler, %4 by applying deficient irrigation on cereal cultivated areas. Furthermore, mean streamflow increases by %8 in June where deficient irrigation strategy is practiced on cereals, by %9 in October where cropping pattern is shifted from sunflower to safflower. After a review of various technical measures related to the efficient management of water resources, the study concluded that sustainable agricultural development is possible by adapting conservative agricultural practices that assure water and food security.&lt;/p&gt;

The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Edwards ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Small Streams

We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access to large streams and/or groundwater increase crop production relative to areas with only small streams by $19 billion annually, equivalent to 90 percent of the total annual increase in the western United States after 1940.

scholarly journals Can global precipitation datasets benefit the estimation of the area to be cropped in irrigated agriculture?

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 2351-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kaune ◽  
Micha Werner ◽  
Patricia López López ◽  
Erasmo Rodríguez ◽  
Poolad Karimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Global Precipitation

Abstract. The area to be cropped in irrigation districts needs to be planned according to the available water resources to avoid agricultural production loss. However, the period of record of local hydro-meteorological data may be short, leading to an incomplete understanding of climate variability and consequent uncertainty in estimating surface water availability for irrigation area planning. In this study we assess the benefit of using global precipitation datasets to improve surface water availability estimates. A reference area that can be irrigated is established using a complete record of 30 years of observed river discharge data. Areas are then determined using simulated river discharges from six local hydrological models forced with in situ and global precipitation datasets (CHIRPS and MSWEP), each calibrated independently with a sample of 5 years extracted from the full 30-year record. The utility of establishing the irrigated area based on simulated river discharge simulations is compared against the reference area through a pooled relative utility value (PRUV). Results show that for all river discharge simulations the benefit of choosing the irrigated area based on the 30 years of simulated data is higher compared to using only 5 years of observed discharge data, as the statistical spread of PRUV using 30 years is smaller. Hence, it is more beneficial to calibrate a hydrological model using 5 years of observed river discharge and then to extend it with global precipitation data of 30 years as this weighs up against the model uncertainty of the model calibration.

scholarly journals Can global precipitation datasets benefit the estimation of the area to be cropped in irrigated agriculture?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kaune ◽  
Micha Werner ◽  
Patricia López López ◽  
Erasmo Rodríguez ◽  
Poolad Karimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Global Precipitation

Abstract. The area to be cropped in irrigation districts needs to be planned according to the available water resources to avoid agricultural production loss. However, the period of record of local hydro-meteorological data may be short, leading to an incomplete understanding of climate variability and consequent uncertainty in estimating surface water availability for irrigation area planning. In this study we assess the benefit of using global precipitation datasets to improve surface water availability estimates. A reference area that can be irrigated is established using a complete record of thirty years of observed river discharge data. Areas are then determined using simulated river discharges from six local hydrological models forced with in-situ and global precipitation datasets (CHIRPS and MSWEP), each calibrated independently with a sample of five years extracted from the full thirty year record. The utility of establishing the irrigated area based on simulated river discharge simulations is compared against the reference area through a pooled Relative Utility Value. Results show that for all river discharge simulations the benefit of choosing the irrigated area based on the thirty years simulated data is higher compared to using only five years observed discharge data, as the statistical spread of PRUV using thirty years is smaller. Hence, it is more beneficial to calibrate a hydrological model using five years of observed river discharge and then extending it with global precipitation data of thirty years as this weighs up against the model uncertainty of the model calibration.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN AIR KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Salvi Novita ◽  
Manyuk Fauzi ◽  
Imam Suprayogi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
A Value ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRAK Perkembangan wilayah pada suatu daerah akan menyebabkan kebutuhan air terus meningkat seiring dengan laju pertumbuhan penduduk. Kecenderungan yang sering terjadi adalah adanya ketidakseimbangan antara ketersediaan dan kebutuhan air. Untuk mencapai keseimbangan antara kebutuhan air dan ketersediaan air di masa mendatang, diperlukan upaya pengkajian komponen komponen kebutuhan air, serta efisiensi penggunaan air. Ketersediaan air terbesar untuk probabilitas 80% untuk DAS Kampar adalah pada bulan Januari dengan nilai sebesar 371,96 m3/detik dan untuk DAS Siak adalah pada bulan Desember dengan nilai sebesar 18,06  m3/detik sedangkan ketersediaan air terkecil untuk probabilitas 80% untuk DAS Kampar adalah pada bulan Agustus dengan nilai sebesar 120,19 m3/detik dan untuk DAS Siak adalah pada bulan Juli dengan nilai sebesar 5,16  m3/detik. Kebutuhan air pada  Kabupaten Kampar yaitu antara lain kebutuhan air irigasi 22.391.782 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 22.388.055  m3 pada tahun 2037; kebutuhan air penduduk 3.889.618 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 6.460.267 m3 pada tahun 2037, kebutuhan air perkotaan 162.869 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 2.250.117 m3 pada tahun 2037, kebutuhan air industri 3.690.267  m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 6.696.326 m3 pada tahun 2037, kebutuhan air peternakan 134.948 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 631.511 m3 pada tahun 2037, kebutuhan air perikanan 35.925.023 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 44.776.333 m3 pada tahun 2037 dan kebutuhan air perkebunan 148.253.099 m3 pada tahun 2017 dan 188.219.394 m3 pada tahun 2037. Dari hasil perhitungan didapat daerah layanan yang mengalami defisit air pada 20 tahun mendatang adalah Kecamatan Tapung Hilir dan Kecamatan Kampar. Kebutuhan air yang mendominasi penggunaan air permukaan di Kabupaten Kampar  adalah kebutuhan air irigasi dan perkebunan.    ABSTRACT The  development  of  the  territory  in  an  area  will  cause  the  water  demand increased continually, lined with population growth. The tendency that often go with it, is that the imbalance between availability and demand of water. To achieve a balance of water demand and water availability in the future, studying and surveying the components of water demand and water use efficiency are needed. The largest water availability for a probability of 80% for the Kampar watershed is in January with a value of 371.96 m3 / second and for the Siak watershed is in December with a value of 18.06 m3 / second while the smallest water availability is for a probability of 80% for the watershed. Kampar is in August with a value of 120.19 m3 / second and for the Siak River Basin is in July with a value of 5.16 m3 / second. Water demand in Kampar Regency include, among others, Total irrigation water requirements for 22,391,782 m3 in 2017 and 22,388,055 m3 in 2037; domestic water needs 3,889,618 m3 in 2017 and 6,460,267 m3 in 2037, non domestic water needs (1,162,869 m3 in 2017 and 2,250,117 m3 in 2037, industrial water needs 3,690. 267 m3 in 2017 and 6,696,326 m3 in 2037, livestock water needs 134,948 m3 in 2017 and 631,511 m3 in 2037, fishery water needs 35,925,023 m3 in 2017 and 44,776,333 m3 in 2037 and water needs plantation 148,253,099 m3 in 2017 and 188,219,394 m3 in 2037. From the calculation, it is found that service areas that will experience a water deficit in the next 20 years are Tapung Hilir and Kampar Districts. The need for water that dominates the use of surface water in Kampar Regency is the need for irrigation and plantation water.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE SOIL PROFILE STUDY IN IRRIGATED AND NON-IRRIGATED AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Nirmala Kakade ◽  
Rituja Satpute
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Profile Study ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

Soil analysis is useful for cropping pattern so as to increase crop yield and to maintain long term productivity. The farmer's main objective is to maintain the productivity of his soil. An excessive use of fertilizer which is not utilized for crop production can pollute the environment. For this purpose, it is very important to consider as to what the crop requirement for various nutrients is and what their actual use is. In this study, components of soil such as pH, Salinity (EC), Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn were analyzed by different instruments like pH-meter, spectrophotometer, flame photometer and conductivity meter. The soil analysis was done for both Irrigated and Non-Irrigated area. The values of pH, Salinity (EC), Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn were observed in moderate to slight increased or decreased range. The values for Irrigated areas were observed different than Non-Irrigated areas.

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