scholarly journals Optimization of irrigation water use to increase the benefit of agricultural products

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Edy Anto Soentoro ◽  
Erlangga Perwira ◽  
Yadi Suryadi ◽  
Winskayati
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Planting Method

Shortage of irrigation water supply in dry season prevents many farmers from growing their crops, and the annual benefit from agricultural products will decrease as much as the area of irrigation fields which have lack of water. The objective of this study is to determine the maximum benefit from agricultural products based on water availability, by determining the appropriate cropping pattern and maximum planting areas through linear programming. The case-study location is at Leuwi Kuya Irrigation Region. Planting schedule is selected based on minimum water shortage from simulation of 6 alternative planting schedules. Then, the best pattern of cropping (planting method and the total area) is determined using linear programming. Optimization is carried out in 3 scenarios with various planting methods (conventional and SRI), minimum irrigation water demand (class-area system), and schedule for beginning of the 3-growing seasons annually. Result of this study is the optimal area of the irrigated region that can be planted based on the water availability. The maximum benefit is 89 billion rupiahs, using SRI planting method and distribution of three groups of irrigation fields in water supply schedule.

scholarly journals Afforestation of Degraded Croplands as a Water-Saving Option in Irrigated Region of the Aral Sea Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Navneet Kumar ◽  
Asia Khamzina ◽  
Patrick Knöfel ◽  
John P. A. Lamers ◽  
Bernhard Tischbein
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Trade Offs

Climate change is likely to decrease surface water availability in Central Asia, thereby necessitating land use adaptations in irrigated regions. The introduction of trees to marginally productive croplands with shallow groundwater was suggested for irrigation water-saving and improving the land’s productivity. Considering the possible trade-offs with water availability in large-scale afforestation, our study predicted the impacts on water balance components in the lower reaches of the Amudarya River to facilitate afforestation planning using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The land-use scenarios used for modeling analysis considered the afforestation of 62% and 100% of marginally productive croplands under average and low irrigation water supply identified from historical land-use maps. The results indicate a dramatic decrease in the examined water balance components in all afforestation scenarios based largely on the reduced irrigation demand of trees compared to the main crops. Specifically, replacing current crops (mostly cotton) with trees on all marginal land (approximately 663 km2) in the study region with an average water availability would save 1037 mln m3 of gross irrigation input within the study region and lower the annual drainage discharge by 504 mln m3. These effects have a considerable potential to support irrigation water management and enhance drainage functions in adapting to future water supply limitations.

Crop Productivity Enhancement under Soybean Based Cropping System through Harvested Rain Water in Malwa Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H. Ranade ◽  
M.L. Jadav ◽  
Indu Swarup ◽  
O.P. Girothia ◽  
D.V. Bhagat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Net Return

Background: Rainwater harvesting is commonly practiced in areas, where the rainfall is insufficient for crop growing. Due to the intermittent nature of run-off events, it is necessary to store the maximum possible amount of rainwater during the rainy season so that it may be used as irrigation to enhance the crop productivity and farm income under soybean based cropping system.Methods: A study was carried out during 2018-2019 in Indore district of Malwa region. Rainwater harvesting tanks at on station (42´21´2.4m) and on farm (15´11´4m) were constructed for irrigation water availability. Provision of water harvesting tank increased the irrigation water availability (1781m3 and 630m3 respectively) and stored water was managed through various irrigation systems viz. rain gun, drip and flood.Result: It was resulted that the provision of water harvesting tanks enhanced the crop productivity and farm income under soybean based cropping system. Availability of irrigation encouraged the farmers to diversify the cropping pattern (soybean-chickpea, soybean -wheat). It is also clear from the study that even with smaller storage tank and through conjunctive use of ground (1164.2m3) and surface water (596m3), multiple crops (Soybean, potato, sweet corn, chickpea, onion, garlic etc.) can be grown. Soybean-Chickpea cropping system at station gave the net return of 70976 Rs/ha with B: C ratio of 3.15. Soybean-Wheat cropping system at farm gave the net return of 119000 Rs/ha with B:C ratio of 3.38. 

scholarly journals An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Shahmir Janjua ◽  
Muhammad Shahid ◽  
Rashid Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Water Treaty

Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.

scholarly journals PLANO ÓTIMO DE CULTIVO NO PROJETO DE IRRIGAÇÃO MORADA NOVA, CEARÁ, UTILIZANDO MODELO DE PROGRAMAÇÃO LINEAR

Irriga ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-187
Author(s):  
José Aurélio Lucena Rodrigues ◽  
Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa ◽  
José Antônio Frizzone ◽  
José Vanglésio de Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Optimal Cropping Pattern ◽  
Optimal Cropping

PLANO ÓTIMO DE CULTIVO NO PROJETO DE IRRIGAÇÃO  MORADA NOVA, CEARÁ, UTILIZANDO MODELO DE PROGRAMAÇÃO LINEAR  José Aurélio Lucena RodriguesDepartamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas – Av. Duque de Caxias.CEP 60000-000 – Fortaleza-CERaimundo Nonato Távora CostaUniversidade Federal do Ceará – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola. Campus do Pici. Bloco 804.CEP 60455-760 – Fortaleza-CEJosé Antônio FrizzoneEscola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – Departamento de Engenharia Rural,  Av. Pádua Dias, 11 – Caixa Postal 11. 13418-900 – Piracicaba-SPJosé Vanglésio de AguiarUniversidade Federal do Ceará – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola. Campus do Pici. Bloco 804.CEP 60455-760 – Fortaleza-CE  1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de programação linear para quantificar as variáveis do processo de produção, que otimizem a operação do Projeto de Irrigação Morada Nova (PIMN). O modelo procura estabelecer um plano ótimo de cultivo, objetivando a maximização da sua receita líquida anual. Na análise do modelo foram incorporadas as restrições de volume de água mensal, volume de água anual, terra, mercado. Com base nas culturas estudadas,  nas restrições de área cultivada, nos preços e nos custos de produção, os resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: 1) o modelo de programação linear recomendou os cultivos de 1050 ha de arroz semeado em fevereiro, 1050 ha de arroz semeado em agosto, 750 ha de feijão semeado em julho, 130 ha de milho (espiga) semeado em janeiro, 155 ha de banana e 112 ha de coco para um volume de água utilizado de 30.285.5460 m3;  2) modelo de otimização desenvolvido projetou uma receita líquida 19,06 % maior que a obtida com o  plano de cultivo do PIMN e um volume anual utilizado inferior em 47,3 %, considerando o ano agrícola de 1997; 3) a ocupação da terra foi baixa, com percentuais médios anuais de 41,4% e 40,3% respectivamente, para o modelo proposto e o plano de cultivo do PIMN; 4) a análise de sensibilidade do recurso terra apresentou preço sombra zero, indicando que esse recurso não foi restritivo; 5) mantendo-se o volume mensal disponível em 7.516.400 m3 e  9.730.700 m3 respectivamente, para os períodos de janeiro a junho e julho a dezembro, volumes anuais superiores a 30.285.560 m3 não contribuíram para o  aumento da  receita líquida do PIMN. UNITERMOS: Programação linear, padrão de cultivo, irrigação.  RODRIGUES, J. A .L., COSTA, R. N. T., FRIZZONE, J. A., AGUIAR, J. V. OPTIMAL CROPPING PATTERN IN THE “MORADA NOVA” IRRIGATION PROJECT USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL 2 ABSTRACT The main objective of this work was to develop a linear programming model, in order to quantify the process variables which optimize the irrigation project operation. The model establishes optimal cropping pattern in the irrigation project “Morada Nova” (MNIP), aiming to maximize the net annual income. Restrictions to the model were monthly water supply, anual water supply, land and market system. Based on the water-yield considered, cultivated land restrictions, production cost and product prices, the following conclusions were reached: 1) the model rresulted a optimal cropping pattern comprising 1050 ha  of  rice cultivated in February, 1050 ha of rice cultivated in August, 750  ha of beans (vigna) cultivated in July, 130 ha of corn (cob) cultivated in January, 155 ha of banana and 112 ha of cocunut, for a total annual utilized water of 30.285.560 m3; 2) the optimization model presented, estimated a net income of 19,06 % higher than  cropping pattern used in the MNIP, using an  annual water volume 47,3 % lower,  considering the agricultural year of 1997; 3)  the land occupation was low with annual average percentages of 41,4% e 40,3% respectively, to the presented model and the cropping pattern used in the MNIP; 4)  the sensibility analysis to the land resource revealed dual price zero, indicating that this recource was not restrictive; 5) maintaining the total monthly availability of 7.516.400 m3 and 9.730.700 m3 respectively, in the periods from January until June and from July  until December respectively, annual volumes higher than 30.285.560 m3, did not increase the  return of the MNIP. KEYWORDS: Linear programming, cropping pattern, irrigation.

scholarly journals OPTIMASI PENGELOLAAN AIR BENDUNG CAWAK UNTUK DAERAH IRIGASI CAWAK DENGAN PROGRAM SOLVER (Studi kasus : Kemanteren Nglumber_Kecamatan Kepohbaru_Kabupaten Bojonegoro)

EXTRAPOLASI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Hudhiyantoro Hudhiyantoro ◽  
Bayu Aji Dwi Saputro
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Area Mt ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Irrigated Area

AbstractBendung Cawak is located in the district of Kepohbaru, Bojonegoro. Bendung Cawak is used for irrigation and water supplies of Kepohbaru, water availability is insufficient, while the amount of land and also residents who need water, so optimization Bendung Cawak is necessary for the water pitcher bendung can be optimized according to the needs.In this study, to maximize the area of land irrigated area to be optimized. In the optimization model used is the optimization of the monthly for 1 year by calculating the area of irrigated land available, land irrigation is met, the greater availability of water and irrigation needs are met. Optimization method used in this calculation is Program Solver.The results obtained by the reliable discharge available in the Cawak dam reservoir are 2.547 m3 / second. The need for irrigation water with the cropping pattern of Palawija-Padi-Padi at the beginning of planting in August I is 0.579 l / sec / ha as a planting plan with the minimum water requirements. As well as optimization, the optimum cropping pattern and initial planting are August I with the Palawija-Padi-Padi planting intensity 291% and with irrigation area MT I 675 ha, MT II 742 ha, MT III 742 ha. AbstrakBendung Cawak terletak di Kecamatan Kepohbaru, Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Layanan Bendung Cawak dipergunakan untuk keperluan irigasi di Daerah Irigasi Cawak Kecamatan Kepohbaru, ketersediaan air yang tidak mencukupi sedangkan banyaknya lahan yang membutuhkan air , sehingga Optimasi Bendung Cawak sangat diperlukan agar air tampungan Bendung dapat dioptimalkan sesuaidengan kebutuhan.Pada studi ini, untuk memaksimalkan luas lahan irigasi dilakukan optimasi luas lahan irigasi . Dalam model optimasi yang digunakan adalah optimasi satu bulanan selama 1 tahun dengan memperhitungkan luas lahan irigasi yang tersedia, luas lahan irigasi yang terpenuhi, besarnya ketersediaan debit air maksimal, dan kebutuhan air irigasi yang dipenuhi. Metode optimasi yang digunakan dalam perhitungan ini yaitu Program Solver.Hasil yang diperoleh debit andalan yang tersedia di tampungan bendung cawak adalah 2,547 m3/detik. kebutuhan air irigasi dengan pola tanam Palawija-Padi-Padi awal tanam Agustus I itu sebesar 0,579 lt/dtk/ha sebagai rencana tanam dengan kebutuhan air paling minimum.Serta optimasi didapatkan pola tanam dan awal tanam yang paling optimum adalah Agustus I dengan pola tanam Palawija-Padi-Padi intensitas tanam 291% dan dengan luas areal irigasi MT I 675 ha, MT II 742 ha, MT III 742 ha.

scholarly journals SENTINEL-1&2 FOR NEAR REAL TIME CROPPING PATTERN MONITORING IN DROUGHT PRONE AREAS. APPLICATION TO IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS IN TELANGANA, SOUTH-INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
S. Ferrant ◽  
A. Selles ◽  
M. Le Page ◽  
A. AlBitar ◽  
S. Mermoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South India ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Irrigated Crops

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Indian agriculture relies on monsoon rainfall and irrigation from surface and groundwater. The inter-annual variability of monsoon rainfalls is high, which forces South Indian farmers to adapt their irrigated area extents to local water availability. We are developing and testing an automatic methodology for monitoring spatio-temporal variations of irrigated crops in near real time based on Sentinel-1 and -2 data feed over the Telangana State, South India. These freely available radar and optical data are systematically acquired worldwide, over India since 2016, on a weekly basis. Their high spatial resolution (10&amp;ndash;20&amp;thinsp;m) are well adapted to the small size field crops that is common in India. We have focused first on drought prone areas, North of Hyderabad. Crop fraction remains low and varies widely (from 10 to 60%, ISRO-NRSC, Bhuvan). Those upstream areas, mainly irrigated with groundwater, are composed by less than 20% of irrigated areas during the dry season (Rabi, December to March) and up to 60% of the surface is used for crop production during the Kharif (June to November), which includes rainfed cotton and drip irrigated maize crops and inundated rice. A machine learning algorithm, the Random Forest (RF) method, was automatically used over 6 growing seasons (January to March and July to November, from 2016 to 2018) from the Sentinel-1&amp;amp;2 data stacked for each season, to create crop mapping at 10&amp;thinsp;m resolution over a study area located in the north of Hyderabad (210 by 110&amp;thinsp;km). Six seasonal land cover field surveys were used to train and validate the classifier, with a specific effort on rice and maize field sampling. The lowest irrigated area extents were found for driest conditions in Rabi 2016 and Kharif 2016, accounting for 3.5 and 5% with moderate classification confusion. This confusion decreases with the increase of irrigated crops areas during Rabi 2017. For this season, 22% of rice and 9% of irrigated crops were detected after heavy rainfall events in September 2017, which have filled surface water tanks (3.4% of the surface area) and groundwater (Central Groundwater Board observations). From this abundance situation, the surface water detected for each season decreased regularly to less than 0.3% together with the rice and irrigated area extents respectively from 22 to 11% and 10 to 3%, despite a good monsoon 2017. Groundwater level show similar trends, with a drop from 20 meters depth in October 2016 and 2017 to more than 30&amp;thinsp;m in June 2018 (more recent available data). The deficit of the monsoon 2018 will certainly bring this situation to a hydrological drought at the beginning of 2019, probably similar to the Rabi 2016 situation. The estimated Irrigated Water Demand (IWD) varies from 51 to 310&amp;thinsp;mm/season, depending on water availability. This methodology shows the potential of automatically monitoring, in near real time, with standard computers, irrigated area extents presenting fast high resolution variability. As it is based on standard global satellite acquisitions, it is foreseen to be used for other regions, for any studies on farmer’s adaptation to climate and hydrological variability, as a proxy to estimate irrigation water needs and water resources availability. In Telangana for instance, it provides an inventory of crop production and irrigation practices before the implementation of mega project infrastructures funded by this new state: - the Kâkâtiya tank restoration program to enhance monsoon runoff capture or the Kaleshwaram project to divert Godavari river water toward upstream Telangana region through tunnels and canals in 20 giant reservoirs.</p>

Evaluation of effectiveness of the water management strategies with the focus on agricultural water use: A case study on Upper-Sakarya River Basin in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beyza Özel ◽  
Yasemin Demir ◽  
Oğuz Başkan ◽  
Emre Alp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Sakarya River ◽  
Technical Measures

&lt;p&gt;Water, energy and food nexus is an integrated framework suggests that the security of one resource is inevitably linked to another&amp;#8217;s. Water availability assures healthy food production whereas agriculture is the dominant user of global freshwater. Water stress due to population growth, climate change or malpractices threatens food security. Within the scope of water for food governance, the water efficiency of agricultural irrigation has to be improved to aid sustainable water and agricultural management. The study investigates water availability and withdrawals, evaluates water resources management scenarios in the agricultural sector in the Sakarya River Basin, Turkey&amp;#8217;s third-largest river basin. Demand-oriented management scenarios propose a variety of technical measures which include improvements in irrigation technology, shifts in the cropping pattern and water-saving irrigation strategies. The effectiveness of scenarios was evaluated using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system developed for the upper sub-basin where significant agricultural activities are held with approximately 1 million ha of total effective arable land. WEAP is an integrated water resources system modeling that operates based on the principle of water balance accounting. A climate data set of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were applied across each sub-basin, partitioned into land-use classes. A one dimensional, two-bucket model for each land-use class transmits water as surface runoff, interflow, percolation, baseflow and evapotranspiration components. The model was calibrated and validated for observed streamflow, reservoir volume, and irrigation water amount. The mean annual precipitation and evapotranspiration in the upper sub-basin are 387 mm/a and 245 mm/a respectively. Agriculture is the dominant user of both surface water and groundwater resources and accounts for the %88 of total water withdrawals in the upper sub-basin. Impacts of agricultural management on irrigation water supply and flow dynamics of streamflow gauges were evaluated upon each measure. When compared to a historic baseline scenario, efficient management measures can save irrigation water up to %10 by shifting crop patterns from sunflower to safflower, %6 by establishing drip irrigation instead of sprinkler, %4 by applying deficient irrigation on cereal cultivated areas. Furthermore, mean streamflow increases by %8 in June where deficient irrigation strategy is practiced on cereals, by %9 in October where cropping pattern is shifted from sunflower to safflower. After a review of various technical measures related to the efficient management of water resources, the study concluded that sustainable agricultural development is possible by adapting conservative agricultural practices that assure water and food security.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Sustainable irrigation based on co-regulation of soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Zhang ◽  
Kaiyu Guan ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
Ming Pan ◽  
Wang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

AbstractIrrigation is an important adaptation to reduce crop yield loss due to water stress from both soil water deficit (low soil moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit, VPD). Traditionally, irrigation has primarily focused on soil water deficit. Observational evidence demonstrates that stomatal conductance is co-regulated by soil moisture and VPD from water supply and demand aspects. Here we use a validated hydraulically-driven ecosystem model to reproduce the co-regulation pattern. Specifically, we propose a plant-centric irrigation scheme considering water supply-demand dynamics (SDD), and compare it with soil-moisture-based irrigation scheme (management allowable depletion, MAD) for continuous maize cropping systems in Nebraska, United States. We find that, under current climate conditions, the plant-centric SDD irrigation scheme combining soil moisture and VPD, could significantly reduce irrigation water use (−24.0%) while maintaining crop yields, and increase economic profits (+11.2%) and irrigation water productivity (+25.2%) compared with MAD, thus SDD could significantly improve water sustainability.

scholarly journals Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Untuk Tanaman Padi Genjah

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suripto Suripto
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine the needs of irrigation water in early-year rice crops.For irrigation purposes water is needed to increase production. In order to avoid water shortages, it is necessary to regulate water usage and schedule preparation and appropriate cropping patterns under various conditions. So in the future it is expected that there will be no shortage of water which will eventually increase agricultural production.The results showed that the availability of water every month is always short, except at the end of February, in that month the rainfall is quite largeKeywords: water availability, water supply, preparation of planting schedule, cropping pattern.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti kebutuhan air irigasi pada tanaman padi genjah.Untuk keperluan irigasi dibutuhkan air yang cukup guna meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Agar tidak terjadi kekurangan air, maka perlu pengaturan penggunaan air dan penyusunan jadual serta pola tanam yang tepat pada berbagai kondisi. Sehingga pada masa yang akan datang diharapkan tidak terjadi kekurangan air yang pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan produksi pertanian.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketersediaan air setiap bulannya selalu kekurangan, kecuali pada pada akhir bulan Pebruari, pada bulan tersebut curah hujannya cukup besarKata kunci : ketersediaan air, pemberian air, penyusunan jadual tanam, pola tanam.

scholarly journals An assessment of global net irrigation water requirements from various water supply sources to sustain irrigation: rivers and reservoirs (1960–2000 and 2050)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1251-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yoshikawa ◽  
J. Cho ◽  
H. G. Yamada ◽  
N. Hanasaki ◽  
A. Khajuria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Abstract. Water supply sources for irrigation, such as rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater, are critically important for agricultural productivity. The current rapid increase in irrigation water use threatens sustainable food production. In this study, we estimated the time-varying dependency of the supply of irrigation water from rivers, large reservoirs with a greater than 1.0 km3 storage capacity, medium-size reservoirs with storage capacities ranging from 1.0 km3 to 3.0 Mm3, and non-local non-renewable blue water (NNBW), particularly taking into account variations in irrigation area during the period 1960–2000. We also estimated the future irrigation water requirements from water supply sources in addition to these four sources, using an irrigation area scenario. The net irrigation water requirements from various supply sources were assessed using the global H08 water resources model. The H08 model simulates water requirements on a daily basis at a resolution of 1.0° × 1.0°. We obtained net irrigation water from rivers and medium-size reservoirs, and determined that the NNBW increased continuously from 1960 to 1985, but the net irrigation water from large reservoirs increased only marginally. After 1985, the net irrigation water from rivers approached a critical limit with the continued expansion of the irrigation area. The irrigation water requirements from medium-size reservoirs and NNBW increased significantly following the expansion of the irrigation area and the increased storage capacity of medium-size reservoirs. Under the irrigation area scenario without climate change, global net irrigation water requirements from additional water supply sources will account for 26% of the total requirements in the year 2050. We found that expansion of irrigation areas due to population growth will generate an enormous demand for irrigation water from additional resources.

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