scholarly journals Analysis of deformation patterns through advanced DINSAR techniques in Istanbul megacity

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-7 ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
F. Balik Sanli ◽  
F. Calò ◽  
S. Abdikan ◽  
A. Pepe ◽  
T. Gorum
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Urban Planning And Management

As result of the Turkey’s economic growth and heavy migration processes from rural areas, Istanbul has experienced a high urbanization rate, with severe impacts on the environment in terms of natural resources pressure, land-cover changes and uncontrolled sprawl. As a consequence, the city became extremely vulnerable to natural and man-made hazards, inducing ground deformation phenomena that threaten buildings and infrastructures and often cause significant socio-economic losses. Therefore, the detection and monitoring of such deformation patterns is of primary importance for hazard and risk assessment as well as for the design and implementation of effective mitigation strategies. Aim of this work is to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of deformations affecting the Istanbul metropolitan area, by exploiting advanced Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. In particular, we apply the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach to a dataset of 43 TerraSAR-X images acquired, between November 2010 and June 2012, along descending orbits with an 11-day revisit time and a 3 m × 3 m spatial resolution. The SBAS processing allowed us to remotely detect and monitor subsidence patterns over all the urban area as well as to provide detailed information at the scale of the single building. Such SBAS measurements, effectively integrated with ground-based monitoring data and thematic maps, allows to explore the relationship between the detected deformation phenomena and urbanization, contributing to improve the urban planning and management.

“Sponge land(scape)”: An interdisciplinary approach for the transition to resilient communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Carlo Pavesi ◽  
Stefano Barontini ◽  
Michele Pezzagno
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resilient Communities ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Land Scape

<p>Data on natural disasters shows that cities worldwide are increasingly exposed to the risk of negative consequences. Storms and floods are among the main causes of casualties and economic losses. Moreover climatic and anthropogenic changes, urbanization and other land use transformation may contribute to increase hydrogeological hazard and risk, both in mountain valleys and in floodplain areas. On the other hand well managed soil may offer many water—regulating ecosystem services. Given that the hydrological and hydraulic dynamics commonly involve a great area, which is also upstream and surrounding the city, therefore a paradigm shift both in urban and land planning is needed, in order to integrate hazard perception and risk culture in plans. This integration also requires practices of soil conservation.</p><p>Literature underlines that, in order to achieve the transition to resilient communities, it is necessary (a) to reduce soil sealing, (b) to improve the benefits of ecosystem services as part of the plan strategies, (c) to enhance the key role that landscape planning can play in environmental protection. However, in most of the current urban and spatial plans in Italy these strategic guidelines are still ignored.</p><p>In order to address these critical issues we propose a method to classify rural areas which considers both landscape and hydrological peculiarities, in order to identify, at the regional scale, the most suitable areas to plan and design the landscape. We therefore propose to identify such a kind of landscape with the definition of a “sponge land(scape)”, which aims at extending the affirmed concept of “sponge cities” to rural areas. This approach to land management may contribute to the mitigation of hydrogeological hazard and risk, by means of preserving the regulating soil ecosystem services. At the same time it will improve both the resilience level of urban areas and the ecosystems living conditions.</p><p>The method is tested in Italy, where, according to the “Report on hazard and risk indicators about landslides and floods in Italy” (ISPRA, 2018) more than ninety percent of Italian municipalities are exposed to the hydrogeological risk. The collaboration between researchers belonging to the disciplines of spatial planning (i.e. town and regional planning) and soil hydrology was considered strategic. In particular, it allows to take advantage of specialized hydrology geo-datasets into spatial planning, which are usually not taken into account. As a first step, Hydrological Soil Groups were considered in the planning procedure. Data integration in GIS made it possible to create new maps which allow priority area to emerge for ”sponge landscaping actions”, such as the adoption of Nature Based Solution or Natural Water Retention Measures. These contribute both to the mitigation of hydraulic risk and to the maximization of other complementary ecosystem services (e.g. biodiversity preservation, climate change adaptation and mitigation, erosion/sediment control).</p>

Ground deformation associated with the August 2019 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island) inferred from DInSAR measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo De Novellis ◽  
Francesco Casu ◽  
Claudio De Luca ◽  
Mariarosaria Manzo ◽  
Fernando Monterroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Eruptive Fissure ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ◽  
Small Baseline Subset ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Eruptive Fissures

<p>Piton de la Fournaise volcano forms the southeastern part of La Réunion, an oceanic basaltic island in the southernmost part of Mascarene Basin (Indian Ocean). Five eruptions occurred at Piton in 2019, accompanied by seismic activity, lava flow, and lava fountaining. Here below, we focus on the fourth eruption occurred between August 11 and 15 on the southern-southeastern flank of the volcano, inside the Enclos Fouqué caldera. This eruption was characterized by the opening of two eruptive fissures. We retrieve the surface deformations induced by the eruptive activity through space-borne Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) measurements. First, we generated the coseismic deformation maps by applying the DInSAR technique to SAR data collected along ascending and descending orbits by the Sentinel-1 constellation of the European Copernicus Programme. The DInSAR technique allows us to analyze the deformation patterns caused by the 11 August 2019 eruption. We also retrieved the pre-eruptive deformation through the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) DInSAR approach. Then, we modelled the DInSAR displacements to constrain the geometry and characteristics of the eruptive source. The modelling results suggest that the observed deformation can be attributed to the interaction between a shallow magma reservoir located at ~1.5-2 km depth below the summit, and the intrusion of a dike feeding the eruptive fissure inside the Enclos Fouqué caldera.</p><p><em>This work is supported by: the 2019-2021 IREA-CNR and Italian Civil Protection Department agreement; the EPOS-SP project (GA 871121); and the I-AMICA (PONa3_00363) project.</em></p>

SEISMIC RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: CASE STUDY ON A BLACK CARBON PLANT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Equipment

This paper deals with state of the art risk and resilience calculations for industrial plants. Resilience is a top priority issue on the agenda of societies due to climate change and the all-time demand for human life safety and financial robustness. Industrial plants are highly complex systems containing a considerable number of equipment such as steel storage tanks, pipe rack-piping systems, and other installations. Loss Of Containment (LOC) scenarios triggered by past earthquakes due to failure on critical components were followed by severe repercussions on the community, long recovery times and great economic losses. Hence, facility planners and emergency managers should be aware of possible seismic damages and should have already established recovery plans to maximize the resilience and minimize the losses. Seismic risk assessment is the first step of resilience calculations, as it establishes possible damage scenarios. In order to have an accurate risk analysis, the plant equipment vulnerability must be assessed; this is made feasible either from fragility databases in the literature that refer to customized equipment or through numerical calculations. Two different approaches to fragility assessment will be discussed in this paper: (i) code-based Fragility Curves (FCs); and (ii) fragility curves based on numerical models. A carbon black process plant is used as a case study in order to display the influence of various fragility curve realizations taking their effects on risk and resilience calculations into account. Additionally, a new way of representing the total resilience of industrial installations is proposed. More precisely, all possible scenarios will be endowed with their weighted recovery curves (according to their probability of occurrence) and summed together. The result is a concise graph that can help stakeholders to identify critical plant equipment and make decisions on seismic mitigation strategies for plant safety and efficiency. Finally, possible mitigation strategies, like structural health monitoring and metamaterial-based seismic shields are addressed, in order to show how future developments may enhance plant resilience. The work presented hereafter represents a highly condensed application of the research done during the XP-RESILIENCE project, while more detailed information is available on the project website https://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/xp-resilience.

scholarly journals Understanding cyclic seismicity and ground deformation patterns at volcanoes: Intriguing lessons from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Vol 482 ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen W. Neuberg ◽  
Amy S.D. Collinson ◽  
Patricia A. Mothes ◽  
Mario C. Ruiz ◽  
Santiago Aguaiza
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Tungurahua Volcano

The economic costs of extreme weather events: a hydrometeorological CGE analysis for Malawi

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL PAUW ◽  
JAMES THURLOW ◽  
MURTHY BACHU ◽  
DIRK ERNST VAN SEVENTER
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Droughts And Floods

ABSTRACTExtreme weather events such as droughts and floods have potentially damaging implications for developing countries. Previous studies have estimated economic losses during hypothetical or single historical events, and have relied on historical production data rather than explicitly modeling climate. However, effective mitigation strategies require knowledge of the full distribution of weather events and their isolated effects on economic outcomes. We combine stochastic hydrometeorological crop-loss models with a regionalized computable general equilibrium model to estimate losses for the full distribution of possible weather events in Malawi. Results indicate that, based on repeated sampling from historical events, at least 1.7 per cent of Malawi's gross domestic product (GDP) is lost each year due to the combined effects of droughts and floods. Smaller-scale farmers in the southern region of the country are worst affected. However, poverty among urban and nonfarm households also increases due to national food shortages and higher domestic prices.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Its Mitigation Strategies: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1318
Author(s):  
Gurdeep Singh Malhi ◽  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Prashant Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Average Global Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

Climate change is a global threat to the food and nutritional security of the world. As greenhouse-gas emissions in the atmosphere are increasing, the temperature is also rising due to the greenhouse effect. The average global temperature is increasing continuously and is predicted to rise by 2 °C until 2100, which would cause substantial economic losses at the global level. The concentration of CO2, which accounts for a major proportion of greenhouse gases, is increasing at an alarming rate, and has led to higher growth and plant productivity due to increased photosynthesis, but increased temperature offsets this effect as it leads to increased crop respiration rate and evapotranspiration, higher pest infestation, a shift in weed flora, and reduced crop duration. Climate change also affects the microbial population and their enzymatic activities in soil. This paper reviews the information collected through the literature regarding the issue of climate change, its possible causes, its projection in the near future, its impact on the agriculture sector as an influence on physiological and metabolic activities of plants, and its potential and reported implications for growth and plant productivity, pest infestation, and mitigation strategies and their economic impact.

Detecting land deformation due to groundwater changes with InSAR observations - the case of the island of Gotland, Sweden

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Darvishi ◽  
Fernando Jaramillo
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Small Baseline Subset ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
The Baltic

<p>In the recent years, southern Sweden has experienced drought conditions during the summer with potential risks of groundwater shortages. One of the main physical effects of groundwater depletion is land subsidence, a geohazard that potentially damages urban infrastructure, natural resources and can generate casualties. We here investigate land subsidence induced by groundwater depletion and/or seasonal variations in Gotland, an agricultural island in the Baltic Sea experiencing recent hydrological droughts in the summer. Taking advantage of the multiple monitoring groundwater wells active on the island, we explore the existence of a relationship between groundwater fluctuations and ground deformation, as obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The aim in the long-term is to develop a high-accuracy map of land subsidence with an appropriate temporal and spatial resolution to understand groundwater changes in the area are recognize hydroclimatic and anthropogenic drivers of change.</p><p>We processed Sentinel-1 (S1) data, covering the time span of 2016-2019, by using the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) to process 119 S1-A/B data (descending mode). The groundwater level of Nineteen wells distributed over the Gotland island were used to assess the relationship between groundwater depletion and the detected InSAR displacement. In addition to that, the roles of other geological key factors such as soil depth, ground capacity in bed rock, karstification, structure of bedrock and soil type in occurring land subsidence also investigated. The findings showed that the groundwater level in thirteen wells with soil depths of less than 5 meters correlated well with InSAR displacements. The closeness of bedrock to ground surface (small soil depth) was responsible for high coherence values near the wells, and enabled the detection land subsidence. The results demonstrated that InSAR could use as an effective monitoring system for groundwater management and can assist in predicting or estimating low groundwater levels during summer conditions.</p>

Remote sensing of steep-slope volcanoes: the Stromboli case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Di Traglia ◽  
Claudio De Luca ◽  
Alessandro Fornaciai ◽  
Mariarosaria Manzo ◽  
Teresa Nolesini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Optical Imagery ◽  
Gravitational Processes ◽  
Sciara Del Fuoco

<p>Steep-slope volcanoes are geomorphological systems receptive to both exogenous and endogenous phenomena. Volcanic activity produces debris and lava accumulation, whereas magmatic/tectonic and gravitational processes can have a destructive effect, triggering mass-wasting and erosion.</p><p>Optical and radar sensors have often been used to identify areas impacted by eruptive and post-eruptive phenomena, quantify of topographic changes, and/or map ground deformation related to magmatic-tectonic-gravitational processes.</p><p>In this work, the slope processes on high-gradient volcano flanks in response to shift in volcanic activity have been identified by means of remote sensing techniques. The Sciara del Fuoco unstable flank of Stromboli volcano (Italy) was studied, having a very large set (2010-2020) of different remote sensing data available.</p><p>Data includes LiDAR and tri-stereo PLEIADES-1 DEMs, high-spatial-resolution (HSR) optical imagery (QUICKBIRD and PLEIADES-1), and space-borne and ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Multi-temporal DEMs and HSR optical imagery permits to map areas affected by major lithological and morphological changes, and the volumes of deposited/eroded material. The results lead to the identification of topographical variations and geomorphological processes that occurred in response to the variation in eruptive intensity. The joint exploitation of space-borne and ground-based Differential and Multi Temporal SAR Interferometry (InSAR and MT-InSAR) measurements revealed deformation phenomena affecting the volcano edifice, and in particular the Sciara del Fuoco flank.</p><p>The presented results demonstrate the effectiveness of the joint exploitation of multi-temporal DEMs, HSR optical imagery, and InSAR measurements obtained through satellite and terrestrial SAR systems, highlighting their strong complementarity to map and interpret the slope phenomena in volcanic areas.</p><p>This work was financially supported by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile” (Presidency of the Council of Ministers – Department of Civil Protection); this publication, however, does not reflect the position and official policies of the Department".</p>

scholarly journals Direct and indirect economic impacts of drought in the agri-food sector in the Ebro River basin (Spain)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2679-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gil ◽  
A. Garrido ◽  
N. Hernández-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Drought Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Abstract. The economic evaluation of drought impacts is essential in order to define efficient and sustainable management and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of a drought event on the agricultural sector and measure how they are transmitted from primary production to industrial output and related employment. We fit econometric models to determine the magnitude of the economic loss attributable to water storage. The direct impacts of drought on agricultural productivity are measured through a direct attribution model. Indirect impacts on agricultural employment and the agri-food industry are evaluated through a nested indirect attribution model. The transmission of water scarcity effects from agricultural production to macroeconomic variables is measured through chained elasticities. The models allow for differentiating the impacts deriving from water scarcity from other sources of economic losses. Results show that the importance of drought impacts are less relevant at the macroeconomic level, but are more significant for those activities directly dependent on water abstractions and precipitation. From a management perspective, implications of these findings are important to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce drought risk exposure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document