scholarly journals Direct and indirect economic impacts of drought in the agri-food sector in the Ebro River basin (Spain)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2679-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gil ◽  
A. Garrido ◽  
N. Hernández-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Drought Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Abstract. The economic evaluation of drought impacts is essential in order to define efficient and sustainable management and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of a drought event on the agricultural sector and measure how they are transmitted from primary production to industrial output and related employment. We fit econometric models to determine the magnitude of the economic loss attributable to water storage. The direct impacts of drought on agricultural productivity are measured through a direct attribution model. Indirect impacts on agricultural employment and the agri-food industry are evaluated through a nested indirect attribution model. The transmission of water scarcity effects from agricultural production to macroeconomic variables is measured through chained elasticities. The models allow for differentiating the impacts deriving from water scarcity from other sources of economic losses. Results show that the importance of drought impacts are less relevant at the macroeconomic level, but are more significant for those activities directly dependent on water abstractions and precipitation. From a management perspective, implications of these findings are important to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce drought risk exposure.

scholarly journals Economic Losses and Damages Induced by Climate Changes on Rural Livelihood of Northern Part of Bangladesh: AnExploratory GIS Based Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
TanjinulHoque Mollah ◽  
Jannatul Ferdaush ◽  
Hasan Md. Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Tropical Monsoon ◽  
Drought Prone Area

Bangladesh have generally a sub-tropical monsoon climate and maximum rainfall is recorded in the coastal areas of Chittagong and northern part of Sylhet district, whereasSundarganjUpazila of Gaibandha district is positioned in northern part belongs to the drought prone area in Bangladesh. Due to climate change agricultural land affected by drought,water scarcity and temperature variation. GDP growth rate of Bangladesh mainly depends on the performance of the agricultural sector [5]. Due to natural calamities like drought,losses of production crops are almost a regular phenomenonwhich induces sufferings of economically and environmentally. From field observation total area of SundarganjUpazilla is about 410.83 sq.kmwhere total agricultural land is 298.38sq.km or 29838 hectares and total drought prone area is 113.23 sq. km/11323 hectares which is the 27.56% of total land area [8]. In 2006 there main crops was Boro rice, Aman rice, wheat, potato and can but in 2012 observed that all crops production are decreases for temperature rise and water scarcity by drought[8].This paper aims at bringing up the reality of climate induced economic losses and damages mainly on agricultural crops in the SundarganjUpazila of Gaibandha district.

A parametric insurance framework based on remote-sensing observations to mitigate drought impacts through risk financing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Monteleone ◽  
Mario Martina ◽  
Brunella Bonaccorso
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Drought Impacts ◽  
Parametric Programs

<p>Agricultural production is highly sensitive to extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and storms. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, between 2005 and 2015 natural disasters cost the agricultural sectors of developing country economies a staggering $96 billion in damaged or lost crop and livestock production. Drought was one of the leading culprits. Eighty-three percent of all drought-caused economic losses documented by FAO's study were absorbed by agriculture, with a price tag of $29 billion. Since extreme droughts are expected to increase worldwide both in number and severity, the development of appropriate strategies to reduce and mitigate drought impacts on agricultural production will be essential to enable farmers to quickly recover from the disaster. There is growing interest in insurance as an instrument for managing drought risk in agriculture. Insurance is a self-reliant mitigation measure that increases society's resilience, particularly in the financial sector. There are two main options of crop risk transfer solutions: indemnity-based programs, in which the basis for compensation is the actual loss; and weather index-based (or parametric) programs. Parametric programs are based on variables called indices, often retrieved from remote-sensing observations. Indices should be highly correlated with agricultural losses. A parametric policy for drought pays out if a specific value of the index is achieved in a specific period. Index-based insurance shows various attractive features: the value of the index cannot be influenced by farmers, indemnities are based on observable variables (the indices), on-farm inspections to assess the damages are no more necessary and finally funds to recover from the disaster are provided quickly.</p><p>The aim of this work is the design of a parametric insurance framework against drought to be applied in the Caribbean region as well as in other regions with similar conditions. Initially a new drought index, the Probabilistic Precipitation and Vegetation Index (PPVI) was developed to identify drought. PPVI was computed combining two consolidated drought indices, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Vegetation Health Index (VHI). SPI was calculated from precipitation retrieved from satellite (the Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation dataset was used) and VHI is already a remote-sensing product. Then a framework allowing an objective identification of drought weeks was implemented. The framework was used in combination with PPVI and the model was calibrated in order to reproduce past drought events at specific locations. A relationship between drought and negative crop yield anomalies was established. Significant crop growth periods were taken into consideration: establishment, vegetative, flowering and yield formation. The probability of having a negative crop yield anomaly when a significant growth period was in drought was computed. The sensitivity to drought of each crop growth period was evaluated based on this probability. In the end a loss index to relate drought with yield reduction suffered by farmers was developed. The entire framework was tested in the Dominican Republic and cereals losses (maize and sorghum) were evaluated. Results were promising.</p>

scholarly journals Hydrodynamic Modelling of Floods and Estimating Socio-economic Impacts of Floods in Ugandan River Malaba Sub-catchment

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrose Mubialiwo ◽  
Adane Abebe ◽  
Nafyad Serre Kawo ◽  
Job Ekolu ◽  
Saralees Nadarajah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Extreme Flow

AbstractRiver Malaba sub-catchment tends to experience dramatic flooding events, with several socio-economic impacts to the nearby communities, such as loss of lives and destructions of physical infrastructure. Analysis of spatiotemporal extents to which settlements, crops and physical infrastructures tend to be inundated are vital for predictive planning of risk-based adaptation measures. This paper presents a case study on flood risk assessment for Ugandan River Malaba sub-catchment. We applied the two-dimensional Hydraulic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (2D HEC-RAS) for modelling of flooding extents. We considered extreme flow quantiles, lower and upper quantiles corresponding to the 95% confidence interval limits aimed at determining uncertainties in the flooding extents. Spatial extents of inundation on human settlement, land cover and infrastructure were analysed with respect to return periods of extreme flow quantiles. Finally, we estimated economic loss on infrastructure due to flooding. Results from the 2D HEC-RAS model were satisfactorily comparable with the results of observations. Amongst the land use types, cropland exhibited the highest vulnerability with at least 10,234.8 hectare (ha) susceptible to flooding event of 100-year return period (YRP). Inundated built-up land-use exhibited the highest vulnerability percentage increase (90%) between 2- and 100-YRP. In US Dollar, about US$ 33 million and US$ 39 million losses are estimated at 2- and 100-YRP, respectively, due to inundated rice gardens and these indicate a looming high risk of household food insecurity and poverty. Several infrastructure including 15 academic institutions, 12 health facilities, 32 worshiping places remain annually vulnerable to flooding. At least 6 km and 7 km of road network are also susceptible to flooding under extreme flows of return periods 2 and 100 years, respectively. Churches exhibited the highest economic losses of US$ 855,065 and US$ 1,623,832 at 2-YRP and 100-YRP, respectively. This study findings are relevant for planning the development of sustainable flood risk adaptation pathways given the established destructions within the sub-catchment due to flooding.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Afshan Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Shafeeq ◽  
Nimra Kirn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

Flood impacts on Agriculture: The case study of Nonantola 2020 Flood event. 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Giusti ◽  
Beatrice Monteleone ◽  
Iolanda Borzì ◽  
Mario Martina
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Flooding Event

<p>Globally, about a third of all losses related to natural hazards are due to flooding. Many studies focused their attention on the estimation of flood damages to buildings and infrastructures. However, floods cause significant losses to the agricultural sector too and negatively affect rural economies due to their impacts on agricultural productivity.</p><p>Several tools to quantify flooding economic impacts on the agricultural sector have been proposed, such as the AGRIDE-c conceptual model, and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) depth-damage functions. However, the tools have rarely been validated against data collected from surveys.</p><p>The aim of this study is the comparison between the flood economic impacts on agriculture computes using both AGRIDE-c and the JRC tool and the ones retrieved from surveys.</p><p>A questionnaire for estimating flood economic impacts on agriculture was prepared and submitted to farmers shortly after the flooding event. The selected case study area was the town of Nonantola (near the city of Modena, Northern Italy), where a flooding event occurred on 6<sup>th</sup> December 2020. The flood was caused by the collapse of about 80m levee portion along the right bank of Panaro River resulting in an inundated area around 2000 hectares. The flood involved the Nonantola town where residential buildings and an active industrial area are located, although the dominant land use is agricultural land. The main local crops are represented by forage, wheat, vineyards, fruits (pears and plums) and sugar beet.</p><p>The questionnaire is divided into four main sections: The first section is related to the generic information on the farm, the second section to the data on the inundation and damage to crops, the third section to the information on past flood events and risk mitigation strategies eventually adopted during past and present events, the fourth section data to the insurance coverage.</p><p>Two existing crop damage models (AGRIDE-c and the JRC) were calibrated using three types of data: crop yields, crop selling prices and crop cost of production. Crop yields were obtained from the Italian National Statistical Institute (ISTAT), crop selling prices and costs of production were instead available from official sources such as ISMEA and Coldiretti (Italian association of farmers).</p><p>Finally, the proposed approach will allow the comparison between the damages experienced by farmers evaluated from questionnaires and the damages estimated by the two models in order to evaluate how the models simulate data directly collected from the field surveys.</p>

scholarly journals Repository of Drought Event Impacts Across the Danube Catchment Countries Between 1981 and 2016 Using Publicly Available Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-938
Author(s):  
Jiří Jakubínský ◽  
Monika Bláhová ◽  
Lenka Bartošová ◽  
Klára Steinerová ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Drought Impact ◽  
Drought Impacts ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Danube Catchment ◽  
Specific Vulnerability ◽  
National Economies

Drought directly and indirectly affects human society in a number of ways. In many regions of the world climate change will exasperate the effects of droughts, affect national economies more intensely. The main aim of this article was to catalogue and analyze the drought impacts in the 11 Central and South Eastern European states located in the Danube river basin. The identification of dry episodes was based on information from publicly available sources, namely, newspaper and journal articles that reported drought impacts. Information on drought impact occurrences was classified into one of five defined categories in which the drought impact report was most clearly manifested (i.e., agriculture, forestry, soil systems, wildfires and hydrology). In terms of the spatial distribution of drought impacts, individual recorded events were analyzed at the level of EU NUTS regions (or their equivalent in non‑EU countries). The analysis highlights country‑specific vulnerability to drought. Furthermore, gradual increases in drought events and the number of reported impacts were identified, which was particularly evident in the agricultural sector.

Fertiliser evenness - losses and costs: A study on the economic benefits of uniform applications of fertiliser

1999 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Horrell ◽  
A.K. Metherell ◽  
S. Ford ◽  
C. Doscher
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops

Over two million tonnes of fertiliser are applied to New Zealand pastures and crops annually and there is an increasing desire by farmers to ensure that the best possible economic return is gained from this investment. Spreading distribution measurements undertaken by Lincoln Ventures Ltd (LVL) have identified large variations in the evenness of fertiliser application by spreading machines which could lead to a failure to achieve optimum potential in some crop yields and to significant associated economic losses. To quantify these losses, a study was undertaken to calculate the effect of uneven fertiliser application on crop yield. From LVL's spreader database, spread patterns from many machines were categorised by spread pattern type and by coefficient of variation (CV). These patterns were then used to calculate yield losses when they were combined with the response data from five representative cropping and pastoral situations. Nitrogen fertiliser on ryegrass seed crops shows significant production losses at a spread pattern CV between 30% and 40%. For P and S on pasture, the cumulative effect of uneven spreading accrues, until there is significant economic loss occurring by year 3 for both the Waikato dairy and Southland sheep and beef systems at CV values between 30% and 40%. For nitrogen on pasture, significant loss in a dairy system occurs at a CV of approximately 40% whereas for a sheep and beef system it is at a CV of 50%, where the financial return from nitrogen application has been calculated at the average gross revenue of the farming system. The conclusion of this study is that the current Spreadmark standards are a satisfactory basis for defining the evenness requirements of fertiliser applications in most circumstances. On the basis of Spreadmark testing to date, more than 50% of the national commercial spreading fleet fails to meet the standard for nitrogenous fertilisers and 40% fails to meet the standard for phosphatic fertilisers.Keywords: aerial spreading, crop response, economic loss, fertiliser, ground spreading, striping, uneven application, uneven spreading, yield loss

SEISMIC RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: CASE STUDY ON A BLACK CARBON PLANT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Equipment

This paper deals with state of the art risk and resilience calculations for industrial plants. Resilience is a top priority issue on the agenda of societies due to climate change and the all-time demand for human life safety and financial robustness. Industrial plants are highly complex systems containing a considerable number of equipment such as steel storage tanks, pipe rack-piping systems, and other installations. Loss Of Containment (LOC) scenarios triggered by past earthquakes due to failure on critical components were followed by severe repercussions on the community, long recovery times and great economic losses. Hence, facility planners and emergency managers should be aware of possible seismic damages and should have already established recovery plans to maximize the resilience and minimize the losses. Seismic risk assessment is the first step of resilience calculations, as it establishes possible damage scenarios. In order to have an accurate risk analysis, the plant equipment vulnerability must be assessed; this is made feasible either from fragility databases in the literature that refer to customized equipment or through numerical calculations. Two different approaches to fragility assessment will be discussed in this paper: (i) code-based Fragility Curves (FCs); and (ii) fragility curves based on numerical models. A carbon black process plant is used as a case study in order to display the influence of various fragility curve realizations taking their effects on risk and resilience calculations into account. Additionally, a new way of representing the total resilience of industrial installations is proposed. More precisely, all possible scenarios will be endowed with their weighted recovery curves (according to their probability of occurrence) and summed together. The result is a concise graph that can help stakeholders to identify critical plant equipment and make decisions on seismic mitigation strategies for plant safety and efficiency. Finally, possible mitigation strategies, like structural health monitoring and metamaterial-based seismic shields are addressed, in order to show how future developments may enhance plant resilience. The work presented hereafter represents a highly condensed application of the research done during the XP-RESILIENCE project, while more detailed information is available on the project website https://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/xp-resilience.

scholarly journals Quantification of PV Power and Economic Losses Due to Soiling in Qatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3364
Author(s):  
Amr Zeedan ◽  
Abdulaziz Barakeh ◽  
Khaled Al-Fakhroo ◽  
Farid Touati ◽  
Antonio S. P. Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Dust Density

Soiling losses of photovoltaic (PV) panels due to dust lead to a significant decrease in solar energy yield and result in economic losses; this hence poses critical challenges to the viability of PV in smart grid systems. In this paper, these losses are quantified under Qatar’s harsh environment. This quantification is based on experimental data from long-term measurements of various climatic parameters and the output power of PV panels located in Qatar University’s Solar facility in Doha, Qatar, using a customized measurement and monitoring setup. A data processing algorithm was deliberately developed and applied, which aimed to correlate output power to ambient dust density in the vicinity of PV panels. It was found that, without cleaning, soiling reduced the output power by 43% after six months of exposure to an average ambient dust density of 0.7 mg/m3. The power and economic loss that would result from this power reduction for Qatar’s ongoing solar PV projects has also been estimated. For example, for the Al-Kharasaah project power plant, similar soiling loss would result in about a 10% power decrease after six months for typical ranges of dust density in Qatar’s environment; this, in turn, would result in an 11,000 QAR/h financial loss. This would pose a pressing need to mitigate soiling effects in PV power plants.

The economic costs of extreme weather events: a hydrometeorological CGE analysis for Malawi

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL PAUW ◽  
JAMES THURLOW ◽  
MURTHY BACHU ◽  
DIRK ERNST VAN SEVENTER
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Droughts And Floods

ABSTRACTExtreme weather events such as droughts and floods have potentially damaging implications for developing countries. Previous studies have estimated economic losses during hypothetical or single historical events, and have relied on historical production data rather than explicitly modeling climate. However, effective mitigation strategies require knowledge of the full distribution of weather events and their isolated effects on economic outcomes. We combine stochastic hydrometeorological crop-loss models with a regionalized computable general equilibrium model to estimate losses for the full distribution of possible weather events in Malawi. Results indicate that, based on repeated sampling from historical events, at least 1.7 per cent of Malawi's gross domestic product (GDP) is lost each year due to the combined effects of droughts and floods. Smaller-scale farmers in the southern region of the country are worst affected. However, poverty among urban and nonfarm households also increases due to national food shortages and higher domestic prices.

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