scholarly journals Control spectra for Quito

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Aguiar ◽  
Alicia Rivas-Medina ◽  
Pablo Caiza ◽  
Diego Quizanga
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Fault Segment ◽  
South Central ◽  
Elastic Response Spectra ◽  
The City

Abstract. The Metropolitan District of Quito is located on or very close to segments of reverse blind faults, Puengasí, Ilumbisí–La Bota, Carcelen–El Inca, Bellavista–Catequilla and Tangahuilla, making it one of the most seismically dangerous cities in the world. The city is divided into five areas: south, south-central, central, north-central and north. For each of the urban areas, elastic response spectra are presented in this paper, which are determined by utilizing some of the new models of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) NGA-West2 program. These spectra are calculated considering the maximum magnitude that could be generated by the rupture of each fault segment, and taking into account the soil type that exists at different points of the city according to the Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción (2015). Subsequently, the recurrence period of earthquakes of high magnitude in each fault segment is determined from the physical parameters of the fault segments (size of the fault plane and slip rate) and the pattern of recurrence of type Gutenberg–Richter earthquakes with double truncation magnitude (Mmin and Mmax) is used.

scholarly journals Control Spectra for Quito

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Aguiar ◽  
Alicia Rivas-Medina ◽  
Pablo Caiza ◽  
Diego Quizanga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
North Central ◽  
South Central ◽  
Elastic Response Spectra ◽  
Maximum Minimum

Abstract. The Metropolitan District of Quito is divided into five areas: south, south-central, central, north-central and north. It is located on or very close to segments of reverse blind faults: Puengasí, Ilumbisí-La Bota, Carcelen-El Inca, Bellavista-Catequilla and Tangahuilla as indicated in Alvarado et al. (2014), making it one of the most seismically dangerous cities in the world. For each of the urban areas of Quito, elastic response spectra are presented in this paper, which are found using some of the new models of the PEER's NGA-West2 Program, models developed by: Abrahamson et al. (2013), Campbell and Borzognia (2013), and Chiou and Youngs (2013). These spectra are calculated considering the maximum amount that could be generated by the rupture of each fault segments, and taking into account the soil type that exists in each zone according to the Norma Ecuatoriana de la Construcción 2015 (NEC-15). Subsequently, the recurrence period of earthquakes of high magnitude in each fault segment is determined from the physical parameters of the fault segments (size of the fault plane and slip rate), and considering that the fault can break in earthquakes of magnitude less than the expected maximum (minimum size 5.0 Mw). For this, the pattern of recurrence of type GR earthquakes (Gutenberg and Richter, 1944) with double truncation magnitude (Mmin and Mmax) proposed by Cosentino et al. (1977) is used.

scholarly journals Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surroundings

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 14747-14776
Author(s):  
T. Moreno ◽  
X. Querol ◽  
A. Alastuey ◽  
C. Reche ◽  
M. Cusack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
The City

Abstract. Using an unprecedentedly large geochemical database, we compare temporal and spatial variations in inhalable trace metal background concentrations in a major city (Barcelona, Spain) and at a nearby mountainous site (Montseny) affected by the urban plume. Both sites are contaminated by technogenic metals, with V, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sn, Bi, Sb and Cd all showing upper continental crust (UCC) normalised values >1 in broadly increasing order. The highest metal concentrations usually occur during winter at Barcelona and summer in Montseny. This seasonal difference was especially marked at the remote mountain site in several elements such as Ti and Rare Earth Elements, which recorded campaign maxima, exceeding PM10 concentrations seen in Barcelona. The most common metals were Zn, Ti, Cu, Mn, Pb and V. Both V and Ni show highest concentrations in summer, and preferentially fractionate into the finest PM sizes (PM1/PM10 > 0.5) especially in Barcelona, this being attributed to regionally dispersed contamination from fuel oil combustion point sources. Within the city, hourly metal concentrations are controlled either by traffic (rush hour double peak for Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba) or industrial plumes (morning peak of Ni, Mn, Cr generated outside the city overnight), whereas at Montseny metal concentrations rise during the morning to a single, prolonged afternoon peak as contaminated air transported by the sea breeze moves into the mountains. Our exceptional database, which includes hourly measurements of chemical concentrations, demonstrates in more detail than previous studies the spatial and temporal variability of urban pollution by trace metals in a given city. Technogenic metalliferous aerosols are commonly fine in size and therefore potentially bioavailable, emphasising the case for basing urban background PM characterisation not only on physical parameters such as mass but also on sample chemistry and with special emphasis on trace metal content.

scholarly journals Calculating Energy and Its Spatial Distribution for a Subsurface Urban Heat Island Using a GIS-Approach

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Julian A. V. Schweighofer ◽  
Michael Wehrl ◽  
Sebastian Baumgärtel ◽  
Joachim Rohn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The City

In urban areas, the human influence on the city-ecosystem often results in a Subsurface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), which can be used geothermally. Unfortunately, a model of a SUHI does not consider the geology and hydrogeology of the subsoil. These can vary significantly over short distances, and are of considerable importance for the energy balance. In this work, we calculated the energy and its density stored in the subsoil via a SUHI. For this so-called energy-SUHI (e-SUHI), we evaluated the geology and its physical parameters for the first 20 m below ground level in the German city of Nuremberg and linked them to measured underground temperatures in a GIS application. This approach revealed stored energy of 1.634 × 1010 MJ within the soil and water for the study area with an area of 163 km2 and a volume of 3.26 × 109 m3. It corresponds to an average energy density of 5.0 MJ/m3. The highest energy density of 16.5 MJ/m3 was found in the city center area and correlated well to increases in subsurface temperature. As expected, our model reacts sensitively to thickness changes in the geological layers and the unsaturated zone.

scholarly journals MAPPING OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR URBAN AREAS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.П. Ганапатхи ◽  
В.Б. Заалишвили ◽  
Д.А. Мельков ◽  
Б.В. Дзеранов ◽  
С.С. Чандрашекаран
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Liquefaction Susceptibility ◽  
Basis Size ◽  
Chennai City ◽  
The City

Урбанизированные территории, сложенные аллювиальными грунтами, характеризуются уязвимостью к их разжижению даже при землетрясениях средней величины. Разжижение является мерой склонности водонасыщенных отложений к уплотнению во время землетрясения и, таким образом, создает давление поровой воды, достаточное для возможной нестабильности грунта или его разрушения. Здания, построенные на подобных разжижаемых грунтах, весьма уязвимы при колебаниях, обусловленных землетрясением. Город Ченнаи в Индии является одним из самых густонаселенных городов в мире. Застройка, на его большей части, состоит из тесно расположенных высотных зданий. Город находится в пределах умеренной сейсмической зоны и по классификации Бюро Индийского стандарта здесь можно ожидать максимальную величину землетрясения с магнитудой 6,9. Большая часть города, покрытая молодыми аллювиальными грунтами с неглубоким уровнем грунтовых вод, весьма уязвимая при землетрясении, никак не выделяется по внешним признакам. В связи с этим для оценки подверженности грунтов разжижению, в городе проведены исследования на основе изучения геотехнических параметров. Результаты исследования показывают, что более 60% территории городской площади Ченнаи подвержено разжижению. Город Владикавказ в России – один из наиболее плотно населенных городов на Северном Кавказе. Несмотря на отсутствие исторических данных по разжижению грунтов на этой территории, относительно недавно урбанизированной (по крайней мере, в 1810 г.), здесь присутствуют грунты с возможным проявлением явления разжижения при сильных землетрясениях. При этом необходимо учитывать, что непосредственно в южной части города расположен Владикавказский разлом с ожидаемым сейсмическим потенциалом Mmax=7,1. В сотрудничестве с индийскими коллегами метод оценки подверженности грунтов разжижению был адаптирован и применен для территории г. Владикавказа. В то же время в отличие от метода пенетрации (SPT), при исследованиях грунтов Владикавказа использовался более традиционный для России подход, и расчеты были сделаны на основе учета величины скоростей поперечных волн в грунтах. В результате расчетов было установлено, что почти 20% территории города Владикавказа сложено грунтами, подверженных разжижению. Настоящее исследование может заставить градостроительные службы и лиц, принимающих решения, а также аварийно-спасательные службы в их будущей деятельности по планированию развития городских территорий уделять большее внимание подверженности грунтов разжижению. Urban areas lying in the alluvial soil generally pose to threat of liquefaction even for moderate magnitude earthquakes. Liquefaction is the measure of vulnerability of saturated sediment to compact during earthquake shaking and thus generate pore water pressures sufficient to cause possible ground instability or failure. The buildings which are constructed over the liquefiable soil are more vulnerable during seismic shaking for a potential earthquake. The Chennai city of India is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, which consist of densely constructed high rise buildings in many parts. The city is under moderate seismic zone as classified by Bureau of Indian Standard where one can expected maximum magnitude of 6,9. The major part of the city covered by the Recent Alluvial soil with shallow water table, which is more vulnerable during earthquake shaking and quiet enough to trigger liquefaction. In this regard a study carried out to understand the liquefaction susceptibility of soil in the city using geotechnical parameters. Also the study reveals spatially 60% of the area is prone to liquefaction. Vladikavkaz city of Russia is also one of the most densely populated in the North Caucasus. Despite on the absence of historical data on liquefaction on this territory, there are soil conditions in new regions with a possible liquefaction behavior during strong earthquakes. Especially taking into account of Vladikavkaz seismic fault potential of Mmax=7,1. In cooperation with Indian colleagues liquefaction susceptibility assessment method was adopted and applied for Vladikavkaz city. Seismic refraction survey is wide used in Russia rather than SPT and calculations were made on the basis size of shear velocity Vs. As a result 20% of the territory of Vladikavkaz city is liquefiable. The present study can be an eye opening for urban planners and decision makers and emergency responders for future developmental planning activity within the city

scholarly journals Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surroundings

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 9415-9430 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Moreno ◽  
X. Querol ◽  
A. Alastuey ◽  
C. Reche ◽  
M. Cusack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
The City

Abstract. Using an unprecedentedly large geochemical database, we compare temporal and spatial variations in inhalable trace metal background concentrations in a major city (Barcelona, Spain) and at a nearby mountainous site (Montseny) affected by the urban plume. Both sites are contaminated by technogenic metals, with V, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sn, Bi, Sb and Cd all showing upper continental crust (UCC) normalised values >1 in broadly increasing order. The highest metal concentrations usually occur during winter at Barcelona and summer in Montseny. This seasonal difference was especially marked at the remote mountain site in several elements such as Ti and Rare Earth Elements, which recorded campaign maxima, exceeding PM10 concentrations seen in Barcelona. The most common metals were Zn, Ti, Cu, Mn, Pb and V. Both V and Ni show highest concentrations in summer, and preferentially fractionate into the finest PM sizes (PM1/PM10 > 0.5) especially in Barcelona, this being attributed to regionally dispersed contamination from fuel oil combustion point sources. Within the city, hourly metal concentrations are controlled either by traffic (rush hour double peak for Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba) or industrial plumes (morning peak of Ni, Mn, Cr generated outside the city overnight), whereas at Montseny metal concentrations rise during the morning to a single, prolonged afternoon peak as contaminated air transported by the sea breeze moves into the mountains. Our exceptional database, which includes hourly measurements of chemical concentrations, demonstrates in more detail than previous studies the spatial and temporal variability of urban pollution by trace metals in a given city. Technogenic metalliferous aerosols are commonly fine in size and therefore potentially bioavailable, emphasising the case for basing urban background PM characterisation not only on physical parameters such as mass but also on sample chemistry and with special emphasis on trace metal content.

Urbanization of fauna on the example of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. P. Korzh ◽  
T. V. Zahovalko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, the number of published works devoted to the processes of synanthropization of fauna, is growing like an avalanche, which indicates the extreme urgency of this theme. In our view, the process of forming devices to coexist with human and the results of his life reflects the general tandency of the modern nature evolution. Urbanization is characteristic for such a specific group of animals like amphibians, the evidence of which are numerous literature data. Many researchers use this group to assess the bioindicative quality of the environment. For this aim a variety of indicators are used: from the cellular level of life of organization up to the species composition of the group in different territories. At the same time, the interpretation of the results is not always comparable for different areas and often have significantly different interpretations by experts. Urban environment, primarily due to the contamination is extremely aggressive to amphibians. As a consequence, the urban populations of amphibians may be a change in the demographic structure, affecting the reproductive ability of the population, the disappearance of the most sensitive species or individuals, resizing animals, the appearance of abnormalities in the development, etc. At the same time play an important amphibians in the ecosystems of cities, and some species in these conditions even feel relatively comfortable. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms of self-sustaining populations of amphibians in urban environments. To assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the development of amphibian populations were used cognitive modeling using the program Vensim PLE. Cognitive map of the model for urban and suburban habitat conditions were the same. The differences concerned the strength of connections between individual factors (migration, fertility, pollution) and their orientation. In general, factors like pollution, parasites, predators had negative impact on the population, reducing its number. The birth rate, food and migration contributed to raising number of individuals. Some of the factors affected on the strength to of each other as well: the majority of the factors affected the structure of the population, had an influence on the fertility. Thanks to it the model reflects the additive effect of complex of factors on the subsequent status of the population. Proposed and analyzed four scenarios differing strength and duration of exposure. In the first scenario, a one-time contamination occurs and not subsequently repeated. The second and third scenario assumes half board contamination, 1 year (2 scenario) and two years (scenario 3). In the fourth scenario, the pollution affected the population of amphibians constantly. In accordance with the results of simulation, much weaker than the natural populations respond to pollution - have them as an intensive population growth and its disappearance at constant pollution is slow. Changes to other parameters of the model showed that this pollution is the decisive factor -only the constant action leads to a lethal outcome for the populations. All other components of the model have a corrective effect on the population dynamics, without changing its underlying trand. In urban areas due to the heavy impact of pollution maintaining the population is only possible thanks to the migration process – the constant replenishment of diminishing micropopulations of natural reserves. This confirms the assumption that the form of existence metapopulations lake frog in the city. In order to maintain the number of amphibians in urban areas at a high level it is necessary to maintain existing migration routes and the creation of new ones. Insular nature of the placement of suitable habitats in urban areas causes the metapopulation structure of the types of urbanists. Therefore, the process of urbanization is much easier for those species whicht are capable of migration in conditions of city. In the initial stages of settling the city micropopulationis formed by selective mortality of the most susceptible individuals to adverse effects. In future, maintaining the categories of individuals is provided mainly due to migration processes metapopulisation form of the species of existence is supported). It should be noted that the changes in the previous levels are always saved in future. In the case of reorganizations of individuals we of morphology can assume the existence of extremely adverse environmental conditions that threaten the extinction of the micropopulations. 

Epizootological features of demodicosis in homeless animals in the city of Tyumen ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕМОДЕКОЗА У БЕЗДОМНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ В ГОРОДЕ ТЮМЕНИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
The City

Широкое распространение безнадзорных животных на территории городов несет за собой потенциальную угрозу распространения зооантропонозных заболеваний, одним из которых является демодекоз. Невозможно разработать мероприятия, направленные на борьбу с заболеванием и его профилактику, без анализа данных особенностей возникновения и распространения инвазии среди всей популяции восприимчивых животных. Поэтому целью нашей работы явилось изучение распространения демодекоза среди безнадзорных собак и кошек в городе Тюмени. В задачи исследования входило изучение распространения демодекоза и его клинического проявления среди бездомных собак и кошек в условиях города Тюмени и определение сезонной динамики заболевания. Работу выполняли в 2016-2018 гг. на базе кафедры анатомии и физиологии ФГБОУ ВО ГАУ Северного Зауралья, в лаборатории акарологии ВНИИВЭА – филиала ТюмНЦ СО РАН, а также в производственных условиях на базе пункта временного содержания безнадзорных домашних животных МКУ «ЛесПаркХоз». Демодекозная инвазия распространена среди бездомных кошек и собак. Наиболее часто демодекоз встречается у собак, экстенсивность инвазии от 0,65 до 0,72%. Заболевание демодекозом у бездомных собак регистрировали на протяжении всего года, но 54,6% больных собак поступали в апреле и мае. Большинство больных демодекозом – это молодые собаки в возрасте от 1,5 месяцев до 2-х лет – 75,76%, животные старше двух лет гораздо реже страдали от демодекоза – 24,24%. Генерализацию демодекоза регистрировали у 21 собаки (63,64%), а локализованные очаги – у 12 собак (36,36%). Наиболее распространенной формой проявления демодекоза у бездомных собак является пустулезная, или пиодемодекоз. Данная форма заболевания была отмечена у 16 собак (48,49%), чешуйчатая форма отмечалась у 10 собак (30,30%), а смешанная – у 7 собак (21,21%). The widespread use of stray animals in urban areas carries with it the potential threat of the spread of zooanthroponotic diseases, one of which is demodicosis. It is impossible to develop measures aimed at combating the disease and its prevention without analyzing the data on the characteristics of the occurrence and spread of invasion among the entire population of susceptible animals. Therefore, the purpose of our work was to study the distribution of demodicosis among street dogs and cats in the city of Tyumen. The objectives of the study included the study of the spread of demodicosis and its clinical manifestation among stray dogs and cats in the conditions of the city of Tyumen and the determination of the seasonal dynamics of the disease. Demodectic invasion is common among stray cats and dogs. Most often, demodicosis occurs in dogs, with extensive invasion from 0.65 to 0.72%. Demodecosis in stray dogs was recorded throughout the year, but 54.6% of sick dogs were reported in April and May. The majority of patients with demodicosis are young dogs between the ages of 1.5 months and 2 years old - 75.76%, animals older than two years suffer less from demodicosis, only 24.24%. Generalization of demodicosis was recorded in 21 dogs (63.64%), and localized foci in 12 dogs (36.36%). The most common form of demodicosis in stray dogs is pustular or pyodemodecosis. This form of the disease was observed in 16 dogs (48.49%), scaly form, was observed in 10 dogs (30.30%), and mixed in 7 dogs (21.21%).

PHYTOMONITORING AS A METOD OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY URBAN ENVIRONMENT BY FINE DUST

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Irina Glinyanova ◽  
Valery Azarov ◽  
Valery Fomichev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Random Functions ◽  
The City

Fine dust: (PM2.5, PM10) is a priority pollutant that contributes to the development of numerous dis-eases in urban areas. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the dispersed composition of dust parti-cles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone of Volgograd. The novelty of the work lies in the study of the dispersed composition of dust particles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone in the city of Volgograd near the construction industry enterprise, me-chanical engineering, leather production and railway transport line in comparison with the conditionally clean (control) zone of the SNT “Orocenets” ”(Sovetsky District, Volgograd) from the standpoint of random functions expressed by integral distribution curves of the mass of particles over their equivalent diameters. As a result of the research, the dispersed composition of dust on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus ar-meníaca) in the residential area of Volgograd was revealed. Fine particles were found: PM2.5, PM10 in each of the studied points, which by their values, both in their number and mass fraction, significantly exceed the data on fine dust in a conditionally clean area (control) in the SNT “Oroshanets” (Sovetsky district Volgo-grad), which creates certain environmental risks for local residents. The dispersed analysis of particles from the standpoint of random functions in the future will allow with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy to pre-dict the dust content of urban atmospheric air in the range of monthly and / or seasonal average values compared to the traditional measurement of fine dust concentration in atmospheric air of the urban environ-ment as the maximum single or daily average. At the same time, further studies of dust on the leaves of plants in an urban environment, namely, the study of the density of its sedimentation, will also reveal a group of ur-ban plants that are best suited to retain PM2.5 and PM10 on leaf plates in this region, which can significantly increase the quality of the atmospheric air of the urban environment and be of a recommendatory nature for the state-owned landscaping services of the city of Volgograd when improving the green areas of a megacity.

Development of a Ceramic Particulate Trap for Urban Buses

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Cornetti ◽  
P. P. Messori ◽  
C. Operti
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Ceramic Particulate ◽  
On Line ◽  
Urban Bus ◽  
The City ◽  
Complete Regeneration ◽  
Fuel Burner

Main aspects concerning the development of a burner-assisted ceramic particulate trap for diesel engines equipping urban buses have been examined. First of all the basic phenomena causing particulate accumulation inside the filter and chemical and physical parameters controlling regeneration have been studied. Then systematic measurements were performed in different running conditions on an urban bus equipped with a ceramic filter using a diesel fuel burner to start regeneration in order to verify the theoretical approach. These tests showed that: (1) The amount of particulate collected by the trap is a function of the different flat and/or hilly circuits inside the city; (2) regeneration has to be started with a proper amount of particulate collected (too little does not allow complete regeneration, too much is dangerous for trap life). Therefore an on-line continuous monitoring system of the particulate collected has been developed. When a certain level is exceeded, the filter is bypassed and regeneration starts. The system is based on the direct measurement of the exhaust flow by means of a Venturi and the pressure loss on the trap. The amount of particulate is defined by real time comparison of Venturi differential pressure and filter pressure loss. Urban buses were purposely designed in order to be equipped with a ceramic particulate trap plus the control unit. Tests of the system have been successfully performed on the buses operated on flat and hilly circuits inside the city.

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