scholarly journals Vulnerability and Site Effects in Earthquake Disasters in Armenia (Colombia). II – Observed Damages and Vulnerability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Chávez-García ◽  
Hugo Monsalve-Jaramillo ◽  
Joaquín Vila-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Vulnerability Evaluation ◽  
Made In

Abstract. Damage in Armenia, Colombia, for the 1999 (Mw6.2) event was disproportionate. We analyse the damage report as a function of number of storeys and construction age. We recovered two vulnerability evaluations made in Armenia in 1993 and in 2004. We compare the results of the 1993 evaluation with damages observed in 1999 and show that the vulnerability evaluation made in 1993 could have predicted the relative frequency of damage observed in 1999. Our results show that vulnerability of the building stock was the major factor behind damage observed in 1999. Moreover, it showed no significant reduction between 1999 and 2004.

scholarly journals Vulnerability and site effects in earthquake disasters in Armenia (Colombia) – Part 2 : Observed damage and vulnerability

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2345-2354
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Chávez-García ◽  
Hugo Monsalve-Jaramillo ◽  
Joaquín Vila-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Vulnerability Evaluation ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Made In

Abstract. Damage in Armenia, Colombia, for the 25 January 1999 (Mw=6.2, peak ground acceleration (PGA) 580 Gal) event was disproportionate. We analyze the damage report as a function of number of stories and construction age of buildings. We recovered two vulnerability evaluations made in Armenia in 1993 and in 2004. We compare the results of the 1993 evaluation with damage observed in 1999 and show that the vulnerability evaluation made in 1993 could have predicted the relative frequency of damage observed in 1999. Our results show that vulnerability of the building stock was the major factor behind damage observed in 1999. Moreover, it showed no significant reduction between 1999 and 2004.

scholarly journals I. Notices of some conclusions derived from the photographic records of the Kew declinometer, in the years 1858,1859, 1860, and 1861

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 585-590
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Total Force ◽  
Magnetic Disturbances ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In ◽  
Photographic Records

The discussion of the magnetic observations which have been made in different parts of the globe may now be considered to have established the three following important conclusions in regard to the magnetic disturbances: viz., 1. That these phenomena, whether of the declination, inclination, or total force, are subject in their mean effects to periodical laws, which determine their relative frequency and amount at different hours of the day and night. 2. That the disturbances which occasion westerly and those which occasion easterly deflections of the compass-needle, those which increase and those which decrease the inclination, and those which increase and those which decrease the magnetic force have all distinct and generally different periodical laws.

Relative frequency alteration ofEscherichia coliin broiler intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 209-209
Author(s):  
A Seidavi ◽  
S Z Mirhosseini ◽  
M Shivazad ◽  
M Chamani ◽  
A A Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Growth Requirements ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Escherichia coliis a commensal bacterium of the gut microflora of the chicken.Escherichia coliinfections are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. The pathogenesis and the role of virulence factors are not yet fully elucidated, although considerable progress has been made in recent years to establish the mechanisms of pathogenesis.Escherichia colistrains cause a number of diseases in domestic poultry, ultimately leading to disease and death, or to a decrease in egg and meat production or condemning of carcasses. On the other hand, our knowledge about the composition of the gut flora and microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract is still limited. Previous investigations have mainly used culture-dependent approaches. Studies on the composition of the intestinal flora of chickens date back to 1901 (Rahner, 1901) and were continued in the 1940s (Shapiro and Sarles, 1949), but comprehensive surveys that attempted to culture as many of the intestinal bacteria as possible were not carried out until the 1970s (Barneset al. 1972; Salanitroet al. 1974). Such studies are technically difficult since strict anaerobic conditions have to be maintained during isolation and biochemical differentiation of the bacteria. It is well recognized that many bacteria have not been cultured yet in the laboratory because their growth requirements are still unknown. Recent molecular studies have yielded more detailed insight into the composition of the microbial community of this ecosystem (Zhuet al. 2002). The objective of this study was to develop a PCR based method for rapid quantification ofEscherichia coliand investigation on its relative frequency in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of broilers.

scholarly journals Energy refurbishment of public buildings under cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Constraints and potentials

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl. 4) ◽  
pp. 1285-1296
Author(s):  
Milica Jovanovic-Popovic ◽  
Ljiljana Djukanovic ◽  
Milos Nedic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Certification Process ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Heritage Protection ◽  
Made In

By harmonizing national legislation to European codes concerning energy efficiency in building sector, Serbia took commitment to improve energy efficiency of national government buildings. Following the Directive 2012/27/EU principles, refurbishment of this part of building stock is recognized as a leading example in long-therm process of applying energy efficiency regulations at national level. Initial steps in implementation of adopted energy efficiency principles were made in Serbia during 2015, when first energy certificates for three most valuable buildings of national authorities (Government building, The National Assembly, and the Palace of Serbia) were issued. This paper will present results obtained during energy-assessment and energy-certification process of this particular buildings, showing at the same time their specificity, that pretty much traces possible category and range of proposed energy refurbishment scenarios.

Molecular genetics of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in Chinese patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Li ◽  
Ping Yu ◽  
Bin Rao ◽  
Ying Deng ◽  
Yixiong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Screening Rate ◽  
Novel Mutations ◽  
Target Sequencing ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency ◽  
Mutation Database ◽  
Made In

AbstractBackgroundThe overall incidence of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) in China is 1:11,763, with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency accounting for 8.55% of patients with HPA in the mainland. Much progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of BH4 deficiency with the introduction of neonatal screening in China. However, the screening rate is still low and screening is not universally available.MethodsA total of 44 BH4-deficient patients were enrolled in this study, of which 39 were diagnosed with BH4 deficiency, while the remaining five showed typical characteristics of BH4 deficiency at a later period. The entire coding regions and adjacent intronic regions ofGCH1,PTS,PCBD1andQDPRgenes were analyzed using target sequencing.ResultsNineteen (n=19) different mutations in thePTSgene including four novel mutations and one mutation inQDPRwere identified. p.P87S, p.D96N, IVS1-291A>G, p.N52S, p.K91R, p.V56M, p.T106M and p.F40GfsX53 inPTSwere the prevalent mutations with ≥3% relative frequency. The mutation p.R221X in theQDPRgene was found with relatively lower frequencies (2.27%). The remaining 12 mutations inPTSwere found at relative frequencies of 1.14%.ConclusionsThe results could be of value for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in the patients’ families and for the molecular diagnosis of BH4 deficiencies. Furthermore, four novel mutations expand and improve thePTSmutation database.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Surface Structure in Microtomed Sections Caused by Glass and Diamond Knives

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
William G. Boldosser
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Normal Manner ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Cutting Direction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Diamond Knife

Ultramicrotomy produces plastic deformation in the surfaces of microtomed TEM specimens which can not generally be observed unless special preparations are made. In this study, a typical biological composite of tissue (infundibular thoracic attachment) infiltrated in the normal manner with an embedding epoxy resin (Epon 812 in a 60/40 mixture) was microtomed with glass and diamond knives, both with 45 degree body angle. Sectioning was done in Portor Blum Mt-2 and Mt-1 microtomes. Sections were collected on formvar coated grids so that both the top side and the bottom side of the sections could be examined. Sections were then placed in a vacuum evaporator and self-shadowed with carbon. Some were chromium shadowed at a 30 degree angle. The sections were then examined in a Phillips 300 TEM at 60kv.Carbon coating (C) or carbon coating with chrom shadowing (C-Ch) makes in effect, single stage replicas of the surfaces of the sections and thus allows the damage in the surfaces to be observable in the TEM. Figure 1 (see key to figures) shows the bottom side of a diamond knife section, carbon self-shadowed and chrom shadowed perpendicular to the cutting direction. Very fine knife marks and surface damage can be observed.

Iron storage sites in the myocardium as revealed by cytohistochemistry

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
M. Ashraf ◽  
F. Thompson ◽  
S. Miki ◽  
P. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Made In

Iron is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. However, the sources of intracellular iron in myocytes are not yet defined. In this study we have attempted to localize iron at various cellular sites of the cardiac tissue with the ferrocyanide technique.Rat hearts were excised under ether anesthesia. They were fixed with coronary perfusion with 3% buffered glutaraldehyde made in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. Sections, 60 μm in thickness, were cut on a vibratome and were incubated in the medium containing 500 mg of potassium ferrocyanide in 49.5 ml H2O and 0.5 ml concentrated HC1 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following rinses in the buffer, tissues were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr medium.The examination of thin sections revealed intense staining or reaction product in peroxisomes (Fig. 1).

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

AEM investigation of ZrO2 solid solution formation in ZrO2/mullite composites

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
T. R. Dinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transformation Toughening ◽  
Solid Solution Formation ◽  
Solution Formation ◽  
Propagating Crack ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Microcrack Toughening ◽  
Made In

Zirconia (ZrO2) is often added to ceramic compacts to increase their toughness. The mechanisms by which this toughness increase occurs are generally accepted to be those of transformation toughening and microcracking. The mechanism of transformation toughening is based on the presence of metastable tetragonal ZrO2 which transforms to the monoclinic allotrope when stressed by a propagating crack. The decrease in volume which accompanies this transformation effectively relieves the applied stress at the crack tip and toughens the material; microcrack toughening arises from the deflection of a propagating crack around sharply angular inclusions.These mechanisms, however, do not explain the toughness increases associated with the class of composites investigated here. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) has been used to determine whether solid solution effects could be the cause of this increased toughness. Specimens of a mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) + 15 vol. % ZrO2 were prepared by the usual technique of mechanical thinning followed by ion beam milling. All observations were made in a Philips EM400 TEM/STEM microscope fitted with EDXS and EELS spectrometers.

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