scholarly journals Review of “The contribution of air temperature and ozone to mortality rates during hot weather episodes in eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017” by Krug et al.

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
German Cities

scholarly journals The contribution of air temperature and ozone to mortality rates during hot weather episodes in eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3083-3097
Author(s):  
Alexander Krug ◽  
Daniel Fenner ◽  
Hans-Guido Mücke ◽  
Dieter Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
German Cities

Abstract. Hot weather episodes are globally associated with excess mortality rates. Elevated ozone concentrations occurring simultaneously also contribute to excess mortality rates during these episodes. However, the relative importance of both stressors for excess mortality rates is not yet known and assumed to vary from region to region. This study analyzes time series of daily observational data of air temperature and ozone concentrations for eight of the largest German cities during the years 2000 and 2017 with respect to the relative importance of both stressors for excess mortality rates in each city. By using an event-based risk approach, various thresholds for air temperature were explored for each city to detect hot weather episodes that are statistically associated with excess mortality rates. Multiple linear regressions were then calculated to investigate the relative contribution of variations in air temperature and ozone concentrations to the explained variance in mortality rates during these episodes, including the interaction of both predictors. In all cities hot weather episodes were detected that are related to excess mortality rates. Across the cities, a strong increase of this relation was observed around the 95th percentile of each city-specific air temperature distribution. Elevated ozone concentrations during hot weather episodes are also related to excess mortality rates in all cities. In general, the relative contribution of elevated ozone concentrations on mortality rates declines with increasing air temperature thresholds and occurs mainly as a statistically inseparable part of the air temperature impact. The specific strength of the impact of both stressors varies across the investigated cities. City-specific drivers such as background climate and vulnerability of the city population might lead to these differences and could be the subject of further research. These results underline strong regional differences in the importance of both stressors during hot weather episodes and could thus help in the development of city-specific heat–ozone–health warning systems to account for city-specific features.

scholarly journals The contribution of air temperature and ozone to mortality rates during hot weather episodes in eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Krug ◽  
Daniel Fenner ◽  
Hans-Guido Mücke ◽  
Dieter Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Elevated Ozone ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
German Cities

Abstract. Hot weather episodes are globally associated with increased mortality. Elevated ozone concentrations occurring simultaneously contribute to mortality during these episodes, yet to what extent both stressors are linked to increased mortality rates varies from region to region. This study analyzes time series of observational data of air temperature and ozone concentrations for eight German cities during the years 2000 and 2017. By using an event-based risk approach, various air temperature thresholds were explored for each city to detect hot weather episodes which are statistically associated with increased mortality. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to investigate the relative contribution of air temperature and ozone concentrations to mortality rates during these episodes, including their interaction. Results were compared for their similarities and differences among the investigated cities. In all investigated cities hot weather episodes, linked to increased mortality rates, were detected. Results of the multiple linear regression further point towards air temperature as the major stressor explaining mortality rates during these episodes by up to 60 %, and ozone concentrations by up to 20 %. The strength of this association both for air temperature and ozone varies across the investigated cities. An interactive influence was found between both stressors, underlining their close relationship. For some cities, this interactive relationship explained more of the observed variance in mortality rates than each individual stressor alone. We could show that during hot weather episodes, not only air temperature affects urban populations. Concurrently high ozone concentrations also play an important role for public health in German cities.

scholarly journals Relationship between City Size, Coastal Land Use, and Summer Daytime Air Temperature Rise with Distance from Coast

Climate ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Hideki Takebayashi ◽  
Takahiro Tanaka ◽  
Masakazu Moriyama ◽  
Hironori Watanabe ◽  
Hiroshi Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
City Size ◽  
Coastal Land Use ◽  
German Cities ◽  
Coastal Land

The relationship between city size, coastal land use, and air temperature rise with distance from coast during summer day is analyzed using the meso-scale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model in five coastal cities in Japan with different sizes and coastal land use (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, and Sendai) and inland cities in Germany (Berlin, Essen, and Karlsruhe). Air temperature increased as distance from the coast increased, reached its maximum, and then decreased slightly. In Nagoya and Sendai, the amount of urban land use in coastal areas is less than the other three cities, where air temperature is a little lower. As a result, air temperature difference between coastal and inland urban area is small and the curve of air temperature rise is smaller than those in Tokyo and Osaka. In Sendai, air temperature in the inland urban area is the same as in the other cities, but air temperature in the coastal urban area is a little lower than the other cities, due to an approximate one degree lower sea surface temperature being influenced by the latitude. In three German cities, the urban boundary layer may not develop sufficiently because the fetch distance is not enough.

scholarly journals СОЗДАНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГЕЛИОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ С ПОЛИКАРБОНАТНЫМ ПОКРЫТИЕМ

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketevan Archvadze ◽  
Ilia Chachava ◽  
Russudan Tsiskarishvili ◽  
Nanuli Khotenashvili ◽  
Zurab Tabukashvili
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fan Effect ◽  
Windy Weather ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Convective Movement

The proposed solar dryer (S / D) has a polycarbonate coating, which is actually a combined dryer. By drying an agricultural products in the proposed apparatus, it is possible to get ecologically pure and high quality food. The "greenhouse effect" in S / D ensures the temperature under the glass is 15-25°C, higher than the ambient temperature. In windy weather, the product to be dried cannot be left in the open air due to strong winds, in this device drying in windy weather occurs no less intensively than in hot weather, although the air temperature in S / D is not high. During wind it is recommended to locate the S / D with the inlet towards the wind. The high drying speed occurs due to the increased convective movement. The wind creates a fan effect both at the inlet S / D and at the outlet - at the end of the pipe. In the proposed installation, it is possible to dry various agricultural products, both in direct sunlight and without them.

scholarly journals Effect of Extending Hot Weather Periods on Approach to Floor Construction in Moderate Climate Residential Buildings / Wpływ Przedłużających Się Okresów Występowania Wysokich Temperatur Letnich Na Podejście Do Projektowania Podłogi Na Gruncie w Budynkach Mieszkalnych w Krajach Klimatu Umiarkowanego

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Staszczuk ◽  
Tadeusz Kuczyński
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Window Blinds ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderate Climate

Abstract The effects of changes in Global climate on the prolonging time and the frequency of the periods of very high outside air temperature at summer were shown in the paper with particular emphasis on European moderate climate countries. In these countries, residential buildings, are usually equipped neither in air conditioning equipment, nor in ordinary window blinds. As the most promising solution it is suggested to resign completely or partially from ground slab thermal insulation, directly utilizing ground heat storage capacity. The paper includes detailed simulations on potential effect of various kind of floor construction and actions preventing high indoor air temperatures in building approach on air temperature inside the one-storey, passive residential buildings during consecutive days of very high outdoor temperature and total energy used yearly for additional heating and air conditioning.

Daily patterns of flight activity of blowflies (Calliphoridae : Diptera) in the Canberra district as indicated by trap catches

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Norris
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Chrysomya Rufifacies ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Evening Peak

Patterns of blowfly flight activity were studied in the Canberra district by clearing traps at 90-min intervals throughout sampling days. In hot weather there were pronounced morning and afternoon peaks in the trap catches of Calliphora stygia and C. augur, and there were morning and evening peaks in the male to female ratio. In the colder months the curves of the trap catches were unimodal. Microcalliphora varipes visited traps for a shorter period each day than the Calliphora species. Its flight activity patterns were also bimodal in the hottest months, sometimes with a pronounced evening peak. Chrysomya rufifacies, Phaenicia cuprina, and P. sericata also commenced to enter traps much later in the day than Calliphora species and the curves of the daily catches were essentially unimodal. There was wide variation in the air temperature at which first and last flies of any species were caught each day, or at which peaks and troughs occurred in catches. Temperature when activity ceased tended to be higher than when activity commenced on the same day. The possible influence of radiation intensity on flight activity is discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship between City Size, Coastal Land Use and Summer Daytime Air Temperature Rise with Distance from Coast

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Takebayashi ◽  
Takahiro Tanaka ◽  
Masakazu Moriyama ◽  
Hironori Watanabe ◽  
Hiroshi Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
City Size ◽  
Coastal Land Use ◽  
German Cities ◽  
Coastal Land

The relationship between city size, coastal land use and air temperature rise with distance from coast during summer day is analyzed using the meso-scale Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model in five coastal cities in Japan with different sizes and coastal land use (Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima and Sendai) and inland cities in Germany (Berlin, Essen and Karlsruhe). Air temperature increased as distance from the coast increased, reached its maximum, and then decreased slightly. In Nagoya and Sendai, the number of urban land use in coastal areas is less than the other three cities, where air temperature is a little lower. As a result, air temperature difference between coastal and inland urban area is small and the curve of air temperature rise is smaller than those in Tokyo and Osaka. In Sendai, air temperature in the inland urban area is the same as in the other cities, but air temperature in the coastal urban area is a little lower than the other cities, due to about one degree lower sea surface temperature influenced by the latitude. In three German cities, the urban boundary layer may not develop sufficiently because the fetch distance is not enough.

scholarly journals Integrating Remote-Sensing and Assimilation Data to Improve Air Temperature on Hot Weather in East China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3409
Author(s):  
Suosuo Li ◽  
Yuanpu Liu ◽  
Yongjie Pan ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Shihua Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
East China ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hot Weather

Land-surface characteristics (LSCs) and land-soil moisture conditions can modulate energy partition at the land surface, impact near-surface atmosphere conditions, and further affect land–atmosphere interactions. This study investigates the effect of land-surface-characteristic parameters (LSCPs) including albedo, leaf-area index (LAI), and soil moisture (SM) on hot weather by in East China using the numerical model. Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were conducted for a hot weather event with a high spatial resolution of 1 km in domain 3 by using ERA-Interim forcing fields on 20 July 2017 until 16:00 UTC on 25 July 2017. The satellite-based albedo and LAI, and assimilation-based soil-moisture data of high temporal–spatial resolution, which are more accurate to match fine weather forecasts and high-resolution simulations, were used to update the default LSCPs. A control simulation with the default LSCPs (WRF_CTL), a main sensitivity simulation with the updated LSCP albedo, LAI and SM (WRF_CHAR), and a series of other sensitivity simulations with one or two updated LSCPs were performed. Results show that WRF_CTL could reproduce the spatial distribution of hot weather, but overestimated air temperature (Ta) and maximal air temperature (Tamax) with a warming bias of 1.05 and 1.32 °C, respectively. However, the WRF_CHAR simulation reduced the warming bias, and improved the simulated Ta and Tamax with reducing relative biases of 33.08% and 29.24%, respectively. Compared to the WRF_CTL, WRF_CHAR presented a negative sensible heat-flux difference, positive latent heat flux, and net radiation difference of the area average. LSCPs modulated the partition of available land-surface energy and then changed the air temperature. On the basis of statistical-correlation analysis, the soil moisture of the top 10 cm is the main factor to improve warming bias on hot weather in East China.

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