scholarly journals Harmful Unbundling

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry A. Gabison
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Information Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
The Us

Companies have been unbundling their product: they have been selling separately products and services that were traditionally sold together.  In doing so, they have raised their profits.  This paper uses a model to show how companies can use unbundling to increase profits and decrease competition.  Unbundling raises problems when it increases information cost, information asymmetry, and barriers to entry.  This paper also discusses the US case laws that have grasped with these issues of bundling and unbundling.

scholarly journals The economics of merger appraisal: analysis of best practices

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
V. Pruzhansky
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Customer Switching ◽  
The Us ◽  
Buyer Power ◽  
Merger Remedies

The article briefly outlines key economic principles that are used for merger appraisal in Europe and the US. We consider three most typical cases: horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers. We explain the main positive and negative effects that typically arise in each case. We point that the analysis of structural factors (levels of industry concentration and market shares) and barriers to entry can serve only as a starting point of the merger appraisal process. Other indicators such as closeness of competition, countervailing buyer power and customer switching, counter-reactions of rivals, levels of profitability, cost savings are far more important for the analysis of merger effects on consumers and competition. In addition, we describe general economic principles with regards to merger remedies.

Recognizing barriers to entry of biosimilars in the United States market and highlighting the solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 174113432097215
Author(s):  
Arpit Bana ◽  
Priti J Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

Drugs that are procured from living cells and are used to treat acute and chronic diseases are called biologics, whereas biosimilars are the drugs which are highly similar but not identical to the original reference product. The main advantage of these drugs is that they are highly targeted with great therapeutic activity and can be used for multiple indications. Despite all the advantages biologics are still extremely costly. The main purpose of developing and introducing biosimilars was and is to increase market competition leading to a decrease in the cost of the biologics. However, until now the cost of the treatment has not decreased in the US market because there are many barriers to the entry of biosimilar in the US market which are discussed in this article. In this article, we argue that the barrier or hurdle in the US market entry of the biosimilars is not only limited to patent protection or exclusivity but other less discussed barriers are also there which are to be discussed. Due to these barriers till June 10, 2020, only 9 biosimilars are available commercially in the US market out of the 27 biosimilars approved for marketing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We argue that the introduction of these biosimilars in the US market is essential for increasing market competition and thus decreasing the overall treatment cost for both the government and the payers. In this article, we are also providing perspective on the possible solutions to reduce these barriers and to encourage the entry of biosimilar in the US market.

scholarly journals Presence of analyst before IPO and underpricing: a Meta-analysis.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Udayan Karnatak ◽  
Chirag Malik
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Ipo Underpricing ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
The Us ◽  
Meta Regression

The effect of analyst presence on underpricing has shown a contrasting result. By synthesizing the result using meta-analysis for twelve studies with more than 20400 firms we found conclusive evidence of the relation between analyst presence and underpricing of IPOs. With the increase in analyst presence by 1% the IPO underpricing increases by 4.9%. Moreover, meta-regression between effect size and moderator variables found the significant and positive role of the reputed underwriter to increase underpricing when the IPO has coverage of analysts. Our results are striking for the US market IPOs in which reputed underwriters as moderator affect underpricing significantly and positively which shows reputation increase information asymmetry. Whereas in emerging markets IPOs reputed underwriters increase market efficiency and information symmetry.

scholarly journals As agências reguladoras e a captura: um ensaio sobre os desvios regulatórios na Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica/Regulatory agencies and capture: an assay on regulatory deviations at the National Electrical Energy Agency

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Félix Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Regulatory Models

<p>A criação das agências reguladoras no Brasil baseou-se nos modelos Americano e Britânico de regulamentação os quais, apresentavam condições históricas, sociais, políticas e sistema jurídico distintos do Brasileiro. Considerando este importante aspecto, o artigo tem por objetivo retomar o cenário de implantação das agências nestes países, apontando as particularidades do setor elétrico. O estudo avaliará ainda a assimetria de informações e o poder de coesão e influência regulatória dos agentes do setor, em relação à possibilidade de desvios de finalidade da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). A discussão sobre o conceito de regulação e sua eficácia se inicia nos EUA na década de 1970 quando seus principais teóricos (Stigler, Posner e Peltzman) criticam a ideia de que as agências são eficientes em corrigir os desequilíbrios dos mercados e que atuam em prol do interesse público. Assim, as agências deste país, a partir da década de 1980, sofrem restrições à sua autoridade, controle judicial e competências. Na contramão deste movimento nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, são criadas na Inglaterra e no Brasil respectivamente, as agências de regulação como autarquias especiais as quais possuem autonomia administrativa e financeira além de estabilidade dos dirigentes. Sua criação se fez necessária com a privatização das empresas estatais.</p><p> </p><p>The creation of regulatory agencies in Brazil was based on the American and British regulatory models which, however, had historical, social, political and legal system completely distinct from the Brazilian. Considering this important aspect, this study aims to resume the scenario that occurred the implementation of the regulatory framework in these countries, pointing to the particularities of the electricity sector. The study will also assess information asymmetry and power of cohesion and regulatory influence of the agents of the sector, related to deviations from the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). The discussion on the concept of regulation and its effectiveness begins in the US from the 1970s when its main theoreticians (Stigler, Posner and Peltzman) criticized the idea that the regulatory agencies are effective in correcting the imbalances of markets and act in the public interest. For this reason, agencies of this country, from the 1980s, are restricted to their authority, and judicial powers. Against this act, England and Brazil in the late 1980s and 1990s, respectively, created the regulatory agencies as special municipalities which have administrative and financial autonomy as well as stability leaders and fixed term. Their creation was necessary given the privatization of state companies.</p>

scholarly journals Barriers And Challenges Restraining Zimbabwean Banks In Going Multinational

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Courage Mlambo ◽  
David Mapondera ◽  
Morris Tenderere
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Policy Information ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Regulatory Barriers ◽  
Barriers And Challenges ◽  
Multinational Banking

This paper investigates the barriers and challenges restraining Zimbabwean banking institutions in going multinational. The paper drew attention from the fact that although multinational banking had increased drastically in the last two decades, Zimbabwean banks have failed to go multinational. Findings from this study indicate that cultural distance, government policy, information asymmetry, level of technology, legal and regulatory barriers and barriers to entry are the main challenges that restrain Zimbabwean banks from going multinational. The paper also examines policy options to address the challenges faced by Zimbabwean banks when going multinational.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Ipilimumab Plus Anti-PD-1 Therapy Versus Ipilimumab Alone in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma Resistant to Anti-PD-(L)1 Monotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Peng ◽  
Xiaohui Zeng ◽  
Liubao Peng ◽  
Qiao Liu ◽  
Lidan Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Payer Perspective ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

ObjectiveThe use of ipilimumab plus anti-PD-1 has recently been shown to significantly improve the survival of patients with metastatic melanoma resistant to anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy. The study assessed the cost-effectiveness of ipilimumab plus anti-PD-1 therapy in this population from the US payer perspective.Materials and MethodsA Markov model was created based on a retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic melanoma who were resistant to anti-PD-(L)1. Cost information was obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and literature-based costs. The utility value was derived from the published literature. The results of the model was the total cost, quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The uncertainty of the model was addressed through sensitivity analysis. In addition, we also conducted subgroup analysis.ResultsIpilimumab plus anti-PD-1 provided an improvement of 1.39 QALYs and 2.48 LYs, at a ICER of $73,163 per QALY. The HR of OS was the variable that had the greatest impact on ICER. Compared to ipilimumab, the probability of ipilimumab plus anti-PD-1 being cost-effective was 94% at the WTP of $150,000/QALY. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the ICER in the majority of the subgroups was less than $150,000/QALY.ConclusionsIpilimumab plus anti-PD-1 was likely to be cost-effective compared to ipilimumab for patients with metastatic melanoma who are resistant to anti-PD-(L)1 at a WTP threshold of 150,000/QALY.

Literature’s Vexed Democratization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Grossman ◽  
Juliana Spahr ◽  
Stephanie Young
Keyword(s):  
Racial Difference ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Black Writers ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
Educational Barriers ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

Abstract This article examines the contradictions of the contemporary literary field that appears both increasingly capacious and more exclusionary than in the past. Discussing the expansion of publishing enabled by digital and online technologies, we note that these changes did not reshape the demographics of most published works in the US, which remain overwhelmingly white authored. We then turn to literary prizes as an indicator of who writes prestige literature, narrating the twentieth-century formation of a racially segregated field and its slow changes against the backdrop of publishing overproduction. Combining a history of prestige literary culture with a demographic analysis of prizewinning writers (1918–2019), we discuss how a mostly white, New Critic-dominated field became the much more diverse and wide-ranging scene of the present. While this area has importantly opened up to writers of different backgrounds, our data show that the inequities of earlier prizegiving now take shape as drastic educational barriers to entry. Observing that a great deal of contemporary literature dramatizes the peculiarity of performing racial difference—often under the auspices of white audiences—we argue that the path to “excellence” has never been more narrow for writers who are not white, and Black writers in particular.

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