scholarly journals How does the built environment affect transit use by train, tram and bus?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 625-650
Author(s):  
Chris De Gruyter ◽  
Tayebeh Saghapour ◽  
Liang Ma ◽  
Jago Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Transit Ridership ◽  
Transit Use

While much research has explored the influence of the built environment on public transport use, little focus has been given to how this influence varies by public transport mode. Using a case study of Melbourne, this study assesses the influence of the built environment and other characteristics (transit service quality, demand management and socio-demographics) on commuting by train, tram and bus. Key findings indicate that the built environment has a significant influence, but with notable differences between individual public transport modes. Commuting by tram was found to have the strongest association with the explanatory variables, while bus had the weakest explanatory power. Differences in the geographical coverage of public transport services in Melbourne play a key role in explaining the influence of the built environment. Population density is positively associated with tram use, which operates in older, higher density environments, but is negatively associated with train and bus use. Furthermore, the association with land-use mix is only significant for train and tram use, as buses tend to operate in areas with greater land-use homogeneity. When focused on inner Melbourne only, the influence of the built environment is diluted, while distance to public transport becomes more significant. The findings have important implications for practice, not only in terms of improving transit demand forecasting but also in targeting changes to the built environment to leverage higher transit ridership by mode.

scholarly journals Correlating elements content in mosses collected in 2015 across Germany with spatially associated characteristics of sampling sites and their surroundings

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Nickel ◽  
Winfried Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Tree Layer

Abstract Background The aim of the study was a statistical evaluation of the statistical relevance of potentially explanatory variables (atmospheric deposition, meteorology, geology, soil, topography, sampling, vegetation structure, land-use density, population density, potential emission sources) correlated with the content of 12 heavy metals and nitrogen in mosses collected from 400 sites across Germany in 2015. Beyond correlation analysis, regression analysis was performed using two methods: random forest regression and multiple linear regression in connection with commonality analysis. Results The strongest predictor for the content of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and N in mosses was the sampled species. In 2015, the atmospheric deposition showed a lower predictive power compared to earlier campaigns. The mean precipitation (2013–2015) is a significant factor influencing the content of Cd, Pb and Zn in moss samples. Altitude (Cu, Hg and Ni) and slope (Cd) are the strongest topographical predictors. With regard to 14 vegetation structure measures studied, the distance to adjacent tree stands is the strongest predictor (Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn, N), followed by the tree layer height (Cd, Hg, Pb, N), the leaf area index (Cd, N, Zn), and finally the coverage of the tree layer (Ni, Cd, Hg). For forests, the spatial density in radii 100–300 km predominates as significant predictors for Cu, Hg, Ni and N. For the urban areas, there are element-specific different radii between 25 and 300 km (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, N) and for agricultural areas usually radii between 50 and 300 km, in which the respective land use is correlated with the element contents. The population density in the 50 and 100 km radius is a variable with high explanatory power for all elements except Hg and N. Conclusions For Europe-wide analyses, the population density and the proportion of different land-use classes up to 300 km around the moss sampling sites are recommended.

scholarly journals Non-Linear Effects of the Built Environment and Social Environment on Bus Use among Older Adults in China: An Application of the XGBoost Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9592
Author(s):  
Lanjing Wang ◽  
Chunli Zhao ◽  
Xiaofei Liu ◽  
Xumei Chen ◽  
Chaoyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Dwelling Unit ◽  
Bus Stop ◽  
Environment Variable ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Unit Density

Global aging has raised increasing concerns on the health and well-being of older adults. Public transport is a viable option to improve the mobility and quality of life among older adults. However, policies that promote the public transport use among older adults are rare. This study utilizes the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) decision tree to explore the non-linear associations of the built and social environment with bus use among older adults in China. The bus use of older adults was obtained from the Zhongshan Household Travel Survey (ZHTS) in 2012. Results show that non-linear relationships exist among all built environment and social environment characteristics. Within certain thresholds, the percentage of green space land use, land use mixture, bus-stop density, and dwelling unit density are positively related to bus use among older adults. Likewise, one social environment variable, the proportion of older adults in a neighborhood, is the key social environment variable. Furthermore, the dwelling unit density and proportion of older adults appear to have an inverse U-shaped relationship. Additionally, age, ownership of motorcycles, and distance from home to the nearest bus stop also show non-linearity. The findings presented in this paper facilitate effective planning interventions to promote bus use among older adults.

Are Measures Derived From Land Use and Transport Policies Associated With Walking for Transport?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome N. Rachele ◽  
Vincent Learnihan ◽  
Hannah M. Badland ◽  
Suzanne Mavoa ◽  
Gavin Turrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
State Level ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Spatial Measures ◽  
Traffic Volumes

Background: There is growing urgency for higher quality evidence to inform policy. This study developed geographic information system spatial measures based on land use and transport policies currently used in selected Australian states to assess which, if any, of these measures were associated with walking for transport. Methods: Overall, 6901 participants from 570 neighborhoods in Brisbane, Australia, were included. Participants reported their minutes of walking for transport in the previous week. After a review of state-level land use and transport policies relevant to walking for transport across Australia, 7 geographic information system measures were developed and tested based on 9 relevant policies. Data were analyzed using multilevel multinomial logistic regression. Results: Greater levels of walking for transport were associated with more highly connected street networks, the presence of public transport stops, and having at least 2 public transport services per hour. Conversely, neighborhoods with shorter cul-de-sac lengths had lower levels of walking for transport. There was no evidence of associations between walking for transport and street block lengths less than 240 m or traffic volumes. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for urban design and transport policies developed by governments to be assessed for their impact on transport-related physical activity.

The Evolution of Public Transport Policy in Hong Kong since 1981

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Zhe Li
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Transport Services

Counting only the usable land, the population in Hong Kong is as dense as 34,000 people per square kilometer, and it has a highly efficient multi-modal public transport system. According to the experience of Hong Kong public transit system, highly reputable public transport services reveals that the the viability and sustainability of mass transit railways depend very much on accompanying transport policies and land development strategies. The ways to reduce traffic congestion from supply measures to demand management and change the transit mode from vehicle to railway are both based on Hong Kong’s actual situation. Finally this article emphasis on sustainable transport is a great experience which needs research with more in-depth thinking, and the evolution of public transport policy in Hong Kong is a good inspiration for the public transit development in the other great cities in the world.

scholarly journals Demand Analysis Models for Passenger Air Transportation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
V. E. Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Demand Analysis ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Route Network ◽  
Transport Services

Analysis of demand for air transportation is a key business process around which each airline develops strategic and operational plans. Based on the demand forecast, strategic plans for development of the airline’s route network are developed, as well as budgeting, financial planning, sales and marketing plans, aircraft fleet planning, risk assessment and plans to overcome their consequences. Demand analysis also facilitates important management activities, such as decision-making, performance evaluation, and reasonable allocation of resources in specific and uncertain conditions for development of the air transport system. Based on the specific requirements of the airline or in relation to a specific airline, an individual demand forecasting model can be developed. Such a model is an extension or a combination of various qualitative and quantitative methods for forecasting demand. The task of developing a custom model is often iterative, highly detailed, and driven by expert knowledge and can be accomplished by introducing suitable demand management software. The task stated in the article is not a staging task for building a model, but only offers to study the available theoretical material for the analysis of demand for air transportation based on the most famous models for forecasting demand for transportation. The method of scientific research of the problem posed in the article is the method of scientific analysis of existing models. Offer and demand for air transport services are reciprocal but asymmetric. Although the realized demand for transportation cannot take place without an appropriate level of supply, an air transport service can exist without appropriate demand. This is often found in projects that are developed with a margin that meets the expected level of demand, which may or may not be realized, or it may take several years to be realized. Regular air transport services form a supply that exists even if demand is insufficient. Several models presented in the article emphasize the conditions in which there is supply saturation, and on the other hand, the models in which demand is formed due to the mutual attractiveness of the entities that form demand are considered.

scholarly journals Linking Public Transport User Satisfaction with Service Accessibility for Sustainable Mobility Planning

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Inturri ◽  
Nadia Giuffrida ◽  
Michela Le Pira ◽  
Martina Fazio ◽  
Matteo Ignaccolo
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Transit Ridership

Increasing the Quality of Service (QoS) of Public Transport (PT), in order to attract more users, is one of the goals of transport companies and urban policy-makers. A continuous monitoring of data on users’ satisfaction is desirable, but most of the time such process is costly. Finding correlations between PT accessibility, user satisfaction and PT ridership might be the key to prioritize where and how service quality improvements have to be put in place. The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation among PT use, user satisfaction and PT accessibility using a spatial and statistical approach to find useful and simple indicators for sustainable mobility planning. The case study is Catania, a medium-sized city located in southern Italy, with a focus on the mobility of University students. In this respect, students experienced fare-free PT from 2018 to 2020 as one of the main results of collaboration between the University and the two urban PT operators, providing free access to bus and metro transport services in the city. Student satisfaction and relevant data regarding their mobility behavior were constantly monitored via a web survey: the analysis conducted in this study is based on a database of about 4000 responses collected between 2018 and 2019. Spatial and statistical correlations between user satisfaction, transit ridership and accessibility will provide useful information for a correct planning and management of PT networks by transport companies, highlighting diverse insights for different PT options.

The Evolution of Public Transport Policy in Hong Kong since 1981

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Zhe Li
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Transport Services

Counting only the usable land, the population in Hong Kong is as dense as 34,000 people per square kilometer, and it has a highly efficient multi-modal public transport system. According to the experience of Hong Kong public transit system, highly reputable public transport services reveals that the the viability and sustainability of mass transit railways depend very much on accompanying transport policies and land development strategies. The ways to reduce traffic congestion from supply measures to demand management and change the transit mode from vehicle to railway are both based on Hong Kong’s actual situation. Finally this article emphasis on sustainable transport is a great experience which needs research with more in-depth thinking, and the evolution of public transport policy in Hong Kong is a good inspiration for the public transit development in the other great cities in the world.

scholarly journals Exploring multi-scale spatial relationship between built environment and public bicycle ridership: A case study in Nanjing

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 447-467
Author(s):  
Cheng Lyu ◽  
Xinhua Wu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Xun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Multi Scale

A public bicycle system (PBS) is a promising countermeasure for the traffic issues induced by rapid urbanization, and it is widely acknowledged that the built environment has a significant impact on the use of a PBS. However, as the urban built-up area expands, different regions within a city can exhibit diverse characteristics. The spatial effects and differences among regions have been neglected by existing studies. To better understand how the urban built environment affects PBS ridership, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the spatial relationship. It introduces a multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to accomplish this task and conducts and evaluates a case study of the PBS in Nanjing, China. Six types of “D” variables (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, distance to transit, and demand management) are involved in the analysis. The proposed method outperforms linear regression and standard geographically weighted regression (GWR) in terms of explanatory power. The modeling results demonstrate different influencing patterns between traditional downtown areas and newly built-up areas, especially for the density of population, road network, parking space, and various points of interest.

scholarly journals Urban Planning: a Game Theory Application for the Travel Demand Management

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Koryagin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Travel Demand Management ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Theory Application

Urban infrastructure in the developing nations is generating a great number of environmental problems. Therefore, the problem of land distribution among road networks, parking spaces and landscaped parks is to be researched. The passenger behavior depends on traffic congestion, parking search time, public transport frequency, parking fee, etc. The travel mode choice model is described by logit function.A city territory is subdivided into three districts, residential, central and industrial, each of them trying to develop and implement the optimal policy of land use. The district criterion includes residential travel times, congestion and impacts of the parks on the environment. Any district should solve the effective land use problem while the public transport system tries to find the optimal frequency.The travel time depends on road capacity and is described by Greenshields model. The influence of parking capacity upon the parking search time is described by the BPR formula.Participants’ solutions influence one another; therefore, the coalition-free game is constructed. The existence of Nash equilibrium is proved for districts, passengers and public transport. The numerical example shows the impacts of value of time (VOT), population density and parking fee rates on districts land use.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE PROGRAM OF MEASURES ON IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIZATION OF TRANSPORT SERVICE OF THE POPULATION IN THE METROPOLIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (26) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
D. A. Smirnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Network ◽  
System Development ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
The City

The article reveals the content of measures to improve the organization of transport services in the metropolis. The key directions of the city transport system development are considered. The analysis of the offered offers is carried out. Keywords: metropolis, transport development, public transport, street and road network.

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