scholarly journals Understanding jobs-housing imbalance in urban China: A case study of Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiye Xiao ◽  
Dennis Wei ◽  
Han Li
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Disadvantaged Population ◽  
Imbalance Problem ◽  
Job Opportunities

Shanghai has experienced a rapid process of urbanization and urban expansion, which increases travel costs and limits job accessibility for the economically disadvantaged population. This paper investigates the jobs-housing imbalance problem in Shanghai at the subdistrict-level (census-level) and reaches the following conclusions. First, the jobs-housing imbalance shows a ring pattern and is evident mainly in the suburban areas and periphery of the Shanghai metropolitan area because job opportunities are highly concentrated while residential areas are sprawling. Second, structural factors such as high housing prices and sprawling development significantly contribute to the jobs-housing imbalance. Third, regional planning policies such as development zones contribute to jobs-housing imbalance due to the specialized industrial structure and limited availability of housing. However, geographically weighted regression reveals the development zones in the traditional Pudong district are exceptional insofar as government policy has created spatial heterogeneity there. In addition, the multilevel model used in this study suggests regions with jobs-housing imbalance usually have well-connected streets, and this represents the local government’s efforts to reduce excessive commuting times created by jobs-housing imbalance.    

scholarly journals Prediction Power of Logistic Regression (LR) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Models in Exploring Driving Forces of Urban Expansion to Be Sustainable in Estonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Najmeh Mozaffaree Pour ◽  
Tõnu Oja
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mlp Model

Estonia mainly experienced urban expansion after regaining independence in 1991. Employing the CORINE Land Cover dataset to analyze the dynamic changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in Estonia over 28 years revealed that urban land increased by 33.96% in Harju County and by 19.50% in Tartu County. Therefore, after three decades of LULC changes, the large number of shifts from agricultural and forest land to urban ones in an unplanned manner have become of great concern. To this end, understanding how LULC change contributes to urban expansion will provide helpful information for policy-making in LULC and help make better decisions for future transitions in urban expansion orientation and plan for more sustainable cities. Many different factors govern urban expansion; however, physical and proximity factors play a significant role in explaining the spatial complexity of this phenomenon in Estonia. In this research, it was claimed that urban expansion was affected by the 12 proximity driving forces. In this regard, we applied LR and MLP neural network models to investigate the prediction power of these models and find the influential factors driving urban expansion in two Estonian counties. Using LR determined that the independent variables “distance from main roads (X7)”, “distance from the core of main cities of Tallinn and Tartu land (X2)”, and “distance from water land (X11)” had a higher negative correlation with urban expansion in both counties. Indeed, this investigation requires thinking towards constructing a balance between urban expansion and its driving forces in the long term in the way of sustainability. Using the MLP model determined that the “distance from existing residential areas (X10)” in Harju County and the “distance from the core of Tartu (X2)” in Tartu County were the most influential driving forces. The LR model showed the prediction power of these variables to be 37% for Harju County and 45% for Tartu County. In comparison, the MLP model predicted nearly 80% of variability by independent variables for Harju County and approximately 50% for Tartu County, expressing the greater power of independent variables. Therefore, applying these two models helped us better understand the causative nature of urban expansion in Harju County and Tartu County in Estonia, which requires more spatial planning regulation to ensure sustainability.

Constraints to Economic Growth in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-134
Author(s):  
Kenneth Creamer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Weak State ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Macroeconomic Imbalances ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter analyses the drivers and constraints on the rate of economic growth in South Africa from the 1950’s apartheid-era through to the democratic period post-1994. Key structural factors identified as impacting on the rate and composition of economic growth include the country’s history of racial injustice and exclusion, its industrial structure and linkages to the global commodity price cycle, the evolution of macroeconomic imbalances and related infrastructure investment failures, and the impact of weak state capacity and corruption. Thereafter, the chapter outlines a number of strategic policy interventions for overcoming constraints to inclusive economic growth in South Africa.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Urban Park Access Using House-Level Data in Urban China: Through the Lens of Social Equity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siqi Yu ◽  
Xigang Zhu ◽  
Qian He
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Level Data

The various benefits of urban green space are gaining increasing attention nowadays. Hence, the distribution of green space has become a scrutinized concern for spatial equity among local governments and the planning scholars. This study is the first quantitative evaluation of urban park accessibility using house-level data in urban China, from the perspective of social equity. We chose Nanjing as the empirical case and examined 2709 real estate units and 79 parks within the city. Accessibility is measured by the 10-min walking distance from homes to the adjacent urban parks. Using the Street Network Analysis model in ArcGIS and the statistical methods in SPSS, the result shows that 60.5% of the real estates in Nanjing are located within a 10-min walk to access urban parks. However, this accessibility is positively correlated with housing prices, and negatively correlated with the age of the buildings, holding all other factors constant. While affluent homeowners capture a high-quality green amenity, newly-built low-income communities, where most residents are classified as a vulnerable population, have the lowest percentage of accessible green space. This study reveals the existing spatial disparities of urban park accessibility among different socio-economic groups in Nanjing, China. Additionally, we found that urban redevelopment projects with greening and the large-scale affordable housing construction are pricing out the urban poor and rural immigrants from the inner city to the urban peripheral areas. This will reduce the accessibility to urban parks and other public service facilities among the lower income families, and exacerbate the inequality among the rich and the poor in terms of their quality of life. Main findings of this study can inform policy decisions regarding equitable park provision in the construction of the green city and the sustainable development in urban China and other developing countries.

scholarly journals Can ‘New Welfare’ Address Poverty through More and Better Jobs?

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER TAYLOR-GOOBY ◽  
JULIA M. GUMY ◽  
ADELINE OTTO
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Wage Share ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
European Social Policy ◽  
Employment Rates

AbstractNew welfare has been prominent in recent European social policy debates. It involves mobilising more people into paid work, improving human capital and ensuring fairer access to opportunities. This programme is attractive to business (more workers, better human capital and reduced social conflict to enhance productivity and profitability) and to citizens (more widely accessible job-opportunities with better rewards): a relatively low-cost approach to the difficulties governments face in maintaining support and meeting social goals as inequalities widen.The general move towards ‘new welfare’ gathered momentum during the past two decades, given extra impetus by the 2007–09 recession and subsequent stagnation. While employment rates rose during the prosperous years before the crisis, there was no commensurate reduction in poverty. Over the same period the share of economic growth returned to labour fell, labour markets were increasingly de-regulated and inequality increased. This raises the question of whether new welfare's economic goals (higher employment, improved human capital) and social goals (better job quality and incomes) may come into conflict.This paper examines data for seventeen European countries over the period 2001 to 2007. It shows that new welfare is much more successful at achieving higher employment than at reducing poverty, even during prosperity, and that the approach pays insufficient attention to structural factors, such as the falling wage share, and to institutional issues, such as labour market deregulation.

Carbon Emission and Urban Construction Land Expansion in China: Evidence from Co-Integration Tests and Impulse Response Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1883-1888
Author(s):  
Wen Wen Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Construction Land ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
The Impact

Using co-integration analysis, Granger causality test, and impulse response analysis in an integrated way, this paper makes empirical study of the impact on China’s carbon emission by its urban construction land expansion. The result shows that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between carbon emission and urban construction land expansion in China, with the latter being the Granger cause of the increase in carbon emission. However, the impact process shows a lagging nature. The impact effect is not so evident in a short term, but is rather significant in a long term (five to ten years). To reduce its carbon emission, China should optimize its urban development mode and control the scale of urban development reasonably, especially focusing on the economical and intensive use of land and upgrading of industrial structure, so as to reduce energy consumption by its urban expansion, check excessive increase in carbon emission, and promote the sustainable urbanization.

Wise Expansion Strategy of Urban Fringe Area in Chengdu

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 2399-2402
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Min Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Ecological Security ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Expansion Strategy ◽  
Mixed Land Use ◽  
The City ◽  
Fringe Area

In the high-speed urbanization of China, urban fringe is at the forward position of urban expansion whose ecological security pattern, special form, land uses, industrial structure and traffic model would determine the future of the city. Based on PLUREL program, this article analyzed the negative and positive influences of urban fringe to urban expansion, pondered the reasons behind those negative influences and put forward advice to Wise Urban Expansion in Chengdu such as crack-shape land layout, mixed land use, tie-in implementation for ecological Greenland, conversion from traditional agriculture to ecological agriculture and so on.

scholarly journals Capacity Utilization in Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Kemal ◽  
Talat Alauddin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

It is a well-known fact that capital is scarce in most of the developing countries and thus some of the production factors, such as labour, remain unemployed, leading to a lower growth rate of G.N.P. than would be possible under full employment. Additions to the stock of capital not only increase the rate of growth but also provide new job opportunities. However, in many developing countries, capital is utilised less than one-third of the time [10,p.38], The underutilization of capital obviously shrinks the growth rate of less deve¬loped countries still further. Capacity underutilization discourages technological progress which leads to an inefficient industrial structure. This presents us with a paradox: if capital is scarce in developing countries, why is it underutilized? A number of hypotheses have been advanced to explain this paradox. Some of these hypotheses relate to oligopolistic structure of the market, deficient demand, non-availability of complementary factors of production (such as skilled labour), imported inputs and government licensing policies. Moreover, when aid is available for specific projects, there is a tendency to build up addi¬tional capacity because the recipient countries prefer some aid to no-aid. However, very little has been done so far in building a theoretical framework which could be used in empirical analysis to throw light on the possible causes of capacity underutilization. Marris's theoretical framework [4] and Winston's empirical investigation of capacity utilization in Pakistan [10] are exceptions.

scholarly journals Social and Spatial Dimensions of Demographic Processes in Beijing Municipality at the Turn of the 21ST Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 5-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Chaberko ◽  
Anna Fedirko ◽  
Paweł Kretowicz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
City Development ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Main Determinants

Social and Spatial Dimensions of Demographic Processes in Beijing Municipality at the Turn of the 21ST Century This study focuses on the demographic processes in Beijing Municipality at the turn of the 21st century and attempts to evaluate a role of China's social policies upon contemporary population changes. Two main determinants influencing present demographic characteristics were taken into consideration: the immigration of temporary workers and one-child policy. Socio-economic processes in Beijing are accompanied by the rapid changes of urban physiognomy as a result of immense city development (new industrial and residential areas) and new investments prepared for the 2008 Olympics. A spatial typology of socio-demographic changes between 1997 and 2007 was created in order to distinguish areas of different demographic and social development. Concluding remarks of this study highlight main characteristics and determinants of Beijing Municipality demographic features and a pace of their changes. Evidences typically found in Beijing clearly show a crucial role of market economy elements which have a great effect upon socio-spatial urban expansion.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of Landscape on Housing Prices in Urban China

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyun Du ◽  
Chao Wu ◽  
Xinyue Ye ◽  
Fu Ren ◽  
Yongjun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Housing Prices ◽  
Urban China

Ecology of Denominational Fundamentalism in a Metropolis

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Form ◽  
Joshua Dubrow
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
House Values ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Family Tradition ◽  
Protestant Denominations ◽  
American Cities

This article examines the spatial distribution of all edifices of mainline, evangelical, and fundamentalist Protestant denominations and other religions in a Midwestern metropolis. Classic ecological theory holds that people minimize their travel costs by patronizing organizations closest to their residence. This has been generally verified for economic organizations, but not for churches that emphasize sentiment and noneconomic values. Since residential areas of American cities tend to be socioeconomically stratified and denominations and religions manifest a similar tendency, we predict a general convergence of church and member residential location. For seven tiers surrounding downtown that extend to the suburbs, rising house values accompany rising representation of mainline churches. The exurban zone exhibits the greatest diversity in the socioeconomic status of its residents and denominations. The inner city around downtown contains a higher and lower socioeconomic district for whites and African Americans. The denominational composition in all four districts conforms to the theory's predictions. Downtown churches are an exception to ecological theory because sentiment and family tradition pull members from the entire metropolitan region. We conclude that, with this exception, the convergence of church location, denomination, and member residence supports ecological theory for noneconomic organizations such as churches.

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