RESISTANCE, FORCING AND PUBLICITY AS THE WAYS OF CRIMES AGAINST MILITARY SERVICE: CHARACTERISTIC, FEATURES OF QUALIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION

This article reviews and summarizes the results of an international survey of experts about Imperial Acculturation Policy and the Problem of Colonialism (based on the materials from the Ural-Volga and Central Asian territories) organized in Orenburg in 2019. The questionnaire asked participants to reply with their thoughts about the characteristic features of the Russian Empires policy of "developing" the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Kazakh steppe, Bashkiria, Kalmykia on its southeastern frontier from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. Key questions included: The basic terminology (acculturation, imperial acculturation policy); The heuristic value of the acculturation model with respect to the colonial approach. Nomadic and semi-nomadic perceptions of Russian citizenship; The governments efforts to civilize its nomadic and semi-nomadic subjects; The impact of military service, public education and medical care; The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in imperial acculturation policy; The persistence of ethnic identity; General trends in acculturation. The conclusion reflects on using the acculturation model to understand the integration the southeastern nomadic periphery into the Russian Empire.

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Organizational structure of the state civil service of Russia in Russia during the XVI – XVII centuries

Административное и муниципальное право ◽

10.7256/2454-0595.2021.3.35800 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-58

Author(s):

Aleksei Semin

Keyword(s):

Organizational Structure ◽

Military Service ◽

Legal Status ◽

Civil Service ◽

The State ◽

Public Servants ◽

Structure Comparison ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

The Government

This article examines the organizational structure of the state civil service during institutionalization of the system of public administration in the XVI – XVII centuries. The author describes the characteristic traits of this stage of development of the civil service system as a whole, including the highly personalized nature of carrying service, narrow separation between civil and military service, as well as the presence of rank system that was applicable to both the government apparatus and the society. In this context, the author explores the key misinterpretations of the term “rank”, its partial conflation with the concept of “post”, and the absence of universal definition. Research is also conducted on correlation between the organizational structure of the civil service and the class composition of the Tsardom of Russia, which has proven the possibility of separating the system of ranks of public servants from the unified social hierarchy. Special attention is given to the clerical service and its organizational structure: comparison of the status of clerical servants with the elements of the legal status of modern civil servant considering this type of service as the closest prototype of the state civil service. The basic traits of the clerical service include professional character, rigid hierarchy, stability, enforcement nature of activity, additional rights and responsibilities. The author highlights the key role of the concept of “rank” as the characteristic of the position of am individual within service hierarchy, used to for creating a prototype of the organizational structure of the state civil service. The scientific novelty consist in determination of the characteristic features of the organizational structure of civil service as whole, and state civil service in particular, which prove the existence of the developed, although non-unified hierarchy that later provided the framework for the reforms of Peter the Great. This confirms the gradual and consistent, rather than revolutionary nature of the transformations introduced by the Table of Ranks. Such approach gives a more comprehensive perspective upon the evolution of the institution of organizational structure of the state civil service.

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PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGNING OF INTERSUBJECTIVE LIFEWORLD OF MILITARY SERVICE IN THE CONTEXT OF BACKGROUND PRACTICES

Вестник Пермского университета Философия Психология Социология ◽

10.17072/2078-7898/2018-4-532-540 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 532-540

Author(s):

Yuriy A. Panasenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Military Service ◽

Natural Attitude ◽

Basic Definition ◽

Semantic Approach ◽

Conceptual Innovation ◽

The Social ◽

Integral Structure ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Definition Of ◽

Social Phenomenology

The paper examines the phenomena of «inscription» and «readiness-to-hand» in the «lifeworld». The author uses the basic definition of the «lifeworld» as the world of the natural attitude of consciousness, the cumulative characteristic of the individual’s being. The material of the research is the lifeworld of military service. Three social levels of military communication are identified and linked with background practices. The process of the phenomenological designing of the intersubjective lifeworld of military service, emanating from the three basic definitions of the lifeworld, is described. It is possible to perceive new aspects of the culture of military service in the context of intersubjectivity as the most important conceptual innovation of social phenomenology. The concept of intentionality is considered in relation to the concept of intersubjectivity. The communicative-semantic approach to the analysis of the social world within the framework of social phenomenology is presented. Special attention is paid to characteristic features of objectivity and intentionality. The designing of the lifeworld of military service is performed with three main factors, such as consistency, a stable chain of basic values, and diachronic-synchronous maintenance of basic values, being considered. The values employed to sustain the integral structure of the lifeworld of military service have been determined. The connection between the phenomenon «culture of military service» and culture and profession is analyzed.

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ΣϒΝΤΕΛΕΙΑ ΤΙΡΩΝΩΝ

The Journal of Roman Studies ◽

10.2307/370150 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 26-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. T. Rostovtseff

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Rural Population ◽

Military Service ◽

Roman Army ◽

Compulsory Military Service ◽

History Of ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

The Moment ◽

The Town ◽

Second Period

Modern inquiries into the history of the Roman army have elucidated the fact that there were two periods in the evolution of the Roman recruiting-system, whether of the Roman legions or of the auxiliary troops. The first period embraced the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, while the second began with Diocletian. The most characteristic features of the first period were as follows: recruiting of legions among the town population or territories attributed to a town; recruiting of auxiliary troops chiefly among the population of non-municipal territories; prevalence of the idea of conscription, which remained as a matter of fact chiefly theoretical as far as the legions were concerned, the latter consisting chiefly of volunteers; granting of Roman citizenship to soldiers who were serving in the legions at the moment of their being enrolled, and the receiving of Roman citizenship by the soldiers of auxiliary troops after the completion of their period of service; absence of any form of compulsion in the recruiting system. The second period presents entirely different features. The distinction between legions and auxiliary troops vanished almost completely, as both were recruited chiefly among the rural population; for the idea of conscription as the fulfilment of the duty of citizenship was substituted either the idea of military service for money, the idea of mercenary troops, or the idea of compulsory military service, this service being treated in the same way as the compulsory levying of taxes.

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Ultrastructural modification of cellular interactions in cancer tumor

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100082455 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 318-319

Author(s):

N. P. Dmitrieva

Keyword(s):

Cancer Cells ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Adjacent Cell ◽

Main Role ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Cancer Tumor ◽

Normal Human ◽

Characteristic Features

One of the most characteristic features of cancer cells is their ability to metastasia. It is suggested that the modifications of the structure and properties of cancer cells surfaces play the main role in this process. The present work was aimed at finding out what ultrastructural features apear in tumor in vivo which removal of individual cancer cells from the cell population can provide. For this purpose the cellular interactions in the normal human thyroid and cancer tumor of this gland electron microscopic were studied. The tissues were fixed in osmium tetroxide and were embedded in Araldite-Epon.In normal human thyroid the most common type of intercellular contacts was represented by simple junction formed by the parallelalignment of adjacent cell membranees leaving in between an intermembranes space 15-20 nm filled with electronlucid material (Fig. 1a). Sometimes in the basal part of cells dilatations of the intercellular space 40-50 nm wide were found (Fig. 1a). Here the cell surfaces may form single short microvilli.

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Development of 200kV ultrahigh-resolution analytical electron microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100152513 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 108-109

Author(s):

T. Kaneyama ◽

M. Naruse ◽

Y. Ishida ◽

M. Kersker

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Optical Constants ◽

Materials Science ◽

Objective Lens ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Ultrahigh Resolution ◽

Analytical Electron ◽

Analytical Electron Microscope ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Better Than

In the field of materials science, the importance of the ultrahigh resolution analytical electron microscope (UHRAEM) is increasing. A new UHRAEM which provides a resolution of better than 0.2 nm and allows analysis of a few nm areas has been developed. [Fig. 1 shows the external view] The followings are some characteristic features of the UHRAEM.Objective lens (OL)Two types of OL polepieces (URP for ±10' specimen tilt and ARP for ±30' tilt) have been developed. The optical constants shown in the table on the next page are figures calculated by the finite element method. However, Cs was experimentally confirmed by two methods (namely, Beam Tilt method and Krivanek method) as 0.45 ∼ 0.50 mm for URP and as 0.9 ∼ 1.0 mm for ARP, respectively. Fig. 2 shows an optical diffractogram obtained from a micrograph of amorphous carbon with URP under the Scherzer defocus condition. It demonstrates a resolution of 0.19 nm and a Cs smaller than 0.5 mm.

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