Handelsverbindungen zwischen zentraleuropäischem Binnenmarkt, regionalem Warenaustausch und globalen Güterketten

2021 ◽  
pp. 713-742
Author(s):  
Klemens Kaps
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Central European ◽  
Global Commodity Chains ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Market Consolidation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Trade Links between the Central European Domestic Market, Regional Trade and Global Commodity Chains. The integration of Lower Austria’s economy into global interactions intensified in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Vienna and Trieste replaced old centres of trade intermediation such as Krems an der Donau. The purchase of raw materials and luxury goods and the sale of commercial goods in the Mediterranean and Atlantic region were handled via these two metropolises. In addition to the merchants in Trieste and Vienna, trade centres further afield also played a significant role, and local intermediary nodes in Lower Austria itself were also important. Migration processes, the foundation of companies, and investments resulted in a complex process of market consolidation from the local and regional to the global level. Steam shipping, rail connections and the growth of the financial sector transformed the material structure and functioning of the networks in the second half of the 19th century, but not the commercial geography.

scholarly journals Historical development of the pharmaceutical industry in Spain prior to Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (87(03)) ◽  
pp. 323-330
Author(s):  
Raúl Rodríguez Nozal
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Central European ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The 19Th Century

Max Weber (1864-1920), in his classic Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, tried to justify the unequal industrial development of the different European countries based on the religious division of the continent as result of the Lutheran Reformation; According to their approach, the establishment of Protestantism in the north and centre and Catholicism in the south became the northern areas prosperous and the southern areas depressed, encouraging a tendency in the Protestant countries towards factory work, in opposition to the Catholic preference for craftsmanship. As far as the pharmaceutical industry was concerned, this approach led to two different models: the Central European model, Protestant-inspired, and the Mediterranean model, established in mainly Catholic countries such as Spain. The pharmaceutical industry was the driving force behind the new therapeutics that emerged during the 19th century, and it did so by acting on the two fundamental components of the drug: composition and presentation; while the Central European and Anglo-Saxon countries were inclined to promote the composition, the Mediterranean pharmaceutical industry channelled its efforts towards the final consumer product, the “pharmaceutical speciality”. Taking this framework into account, our intention is to offer a general overview of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry prior to the Transition, based on a series of stages ranging from the emergence of drugstore pharmacies in the mid-19th century to the establishment of pharmaceutical laboratories during Franco’s regime, including the classification of what we know as industrial medicines (“secret remedies”, “specific” and “pharmaceutical specialities”), their legal recognition (Stamp Act and health registration), their raw materials and main pharmaceutical forms.

scholarly journals Brot für die Hauptstadt. Niederösterreich und die Nahrungsversorgung Wiens

2021 ◽  
pp. 451-477
Author(s):  
Jonas Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Key Points ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Bread for the Metropolis. Lower Austria and Vienna’s Food Supply. This chapter analyses the food supply to the city of Vienna during the first half of the 19th century, with a focus on two key points: first, it will be argued that the period before the introduction of industrial means of transportation has been largely neglected by historians when it comes to the history of Vienna’s food supply and the Lower Austrian industries involved. Second, the chapter shows that this story can only be told as a history of growing cross-border interconnections and commodity flows. The study thus analyses the food or commodity chain of grain. It concludes that well before 1850, bread consumption in Vienna and flour production in the city’s southern environs were essentially integrated into international commodity chains, profiting from streams of raw materials from relatively distant regions and ecosystems on the empire’s periphery.

Complex process of membrane filtration of secondary dairy raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (55) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
S.P. Babenyshev ◽  
◽  
A.A. Bratsikhin ◽  
D.S. Mamaj ◽  
A.V. Mamaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complex Process

A COMPARATIVE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAKIAN NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES: A CENTRAL EUROPEAN CASE

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Central European ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper analyses a well‐known phenomenon, that of the 19th century Central European so‐called “national philosophies”. However, the philosophical heritages of the Central European countries have their roles in the national identities; historians of philosophy in these countries know; our philosophies have common institutional roots with our neighbours. The paper deadlines paradigmatic problems from the Hungarian and Slovakian philosophy: the Latin language in philosophy, the different role of Kantianism and Hegelianism in the national cultures, and the problems of canonisation. Vengrų ir slovakų nacionalinių filosofijų komparatyvistinė istoriografija: Vidurio Europos atvejis Santrauka Straipsnyje tyrinėjamas gerai žinomas fenomenas, XIX a. Vidurio Europoje vadinamas „nacionalinėmis filosofijomis“. Kad ir kaip būtų, filosofiniai Vidurio Europos valstybių palikimai turi įtakos nacionaliniams tapatumams, ir tai žino šių valstybių filosofijos istorikai. Mūsų ir mūsų kaimynų filosofijos turi bendrąsias paprotines šaknis. Straipsnyje brėžiama paradigminių vengrų ir slovakų filosofijos problemų perskyra pagal lotynų kalbą filosofijoje, skirtingą kantizmo ir hėgelizmo vaidmenį tautinėse kultūrose bei kanonizacijos problemas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kanonizacija, Vidurio Europos filosofijos, hėgelizmas, vengrų filosofija, kantizmas, lotynų kalba filosofijoje, tautinis tapatumas, „nacionalinės filosofijos“, slovakų filosofija.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Ethnic Networks ◽  
Global Commodity Chains ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Subject

The introduction provides an overview of the themes of world economic systems, global commodity chains, and ways in which development plans can be thwarted by local social networks and ostensibly peripheral players. This chapter opens the subject of the ways in which these theories have neglected the impacts of ethnic networks and racism upon economic dynamics. This critique is revisited and expanded in the concluding chapters seven and eleven.

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