scholarly journals Brot für die Hauptstadt. Niederösterreich und die Nahrungsversorgung Wiens

2021 ◽  
pp. 451-477
Author(s):  
Jonas Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Key Points ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flour Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Bread for the Metropolis. Lower Austria and Vienna’s Food Supply. This chapter analyses the food supply to the city of Vienna during the first half of the 19th century, with a focus on two key points: first, it will be argued that the period before the introduction of industrial means of transportation has been largely neglected by historians when it comes to the history of Vienna’s food supply and the Lower Austrian industries involved. Second, the chapter shows that this story can only be told as a history of growing cross-border interconnections and commodity flows. The study thus analyses the food or commodity chain of grain. It concludes that well before 1850, bread consumption in Vienna and flour production in the city’s southern environs were essentially integrated into international commodity chains, profiting from streams of raw materials from relatively distant regions and ecosystems on the empire’s periphery.

scholarly journals Making the leap: commodity chains and the potential for global environmental histories of capitalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (49) ◽  
pp. 698-715
Author(s):  
Jack Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Commodity Chain ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Commodity Flows ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Histories ◽  
Do So

This article is a brief response to Leonardo Marques’ essay “Commodity Chains and the Global Environmental History of the Colonial Americas.” It focuses on the practical and theoretical limitations of commodity-chain histories as away to address our political and environmental moment. It argues that commodity-chain histories must overcome the complexity of their subjects, and leap the theoretical gap between local and global scales without losing sight of nature. To do so, the article advocates for more work by environmental historians, and a focus on transformation rather than commodity flows.

The Mezen Horse: Between Tradition and Brand

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Екатерина Александровна Мельникова
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural World ◽  
Family Memories ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

Статья посвящена истории бытования мезенской росписи - зооморфного орнамента, использовавшегося с начала XIX в. мастерами д. Палащелье Архангельской губ. для декорирования деревянных изделий, и в первую очередь прялок. В центре внимания находится судьба мезенской лошадки - главного символа палащельской росписи, ставшего в XXI в. основой локального бренда в г. Мезени и его окрестностях. В работе рассматривается история палащельского промысла, включая трансформацию его социального, экономического и культурного значений на протяжении XX-XXI вв. Прялка - главный носитель мезенской росписи - перестала выполнять свою утилитарную роль, став объектом семейной памяти и культурной ценностью, связанной с локальной идентичностью местных жителей и художественным значением, определяемым экспертами-профессионалами. Вследствие этих перемен, а также миграций населения из деревень в города прялки с мезенской росписью стали ассоциироваться с покинутой малой родиной и деревенским миром в целом, вызывая к жизни особую форму чувствительности, требующей специальных навыков понимания, толкования и любви к мезенской росписи. Как показано в работе, два режима восприятия мезенской лошадки - семейной памяти и эстетической ценности - тесно взаимосвязаны, определяя эмоциональную привязанность и популярность этого элемента традиционной росписи среди современных жителей г. Мезени и Мезенского района. This article concerns the history of the Mezen horse, a zoormorphic ornament from the village Palashchelye in the Mezen Region of Arkhangelsk Province. From the beginning of the 19th century it has been used by craftsmen to decorate wooden items, especially spinning wheels. In the beginning of the present century the Mezen horse became the symbol of Palashchelye painting and the main local brand for the city of Mezen and its environs. The article examines the history of Palashchel crafts and discusses the transformation of its social, economic and cultural significance during the 20th and 21st centuries. The spinning wheel, the main bearer of Mezen decoration, has ceased to fulfill a utilitarian role, becoming instead a focus of family memories and cultural value, interpreted both in terms of local identity and artistic significance. As a result of this change, as well as the migration of the population from villages to cities, spinning wheels with Mezen painting began to be associated with one’s abandoned birthplace and the rural world in general. This has given rise to a special kind of sensitivity that entails special skills of interpretation as well as love. Two different modes of such sensibility are discussed in the article - the mode of family memory and the mode of esthetic value - that are interwoven, endowing the Mezen horse with emotional meaning and broad popularity among the modern urban inhabitants of Mezen and its environs.

Historiography of one city: colonialism, colonization, frontir. On the historiography of the history of functioning of the fortress city of the left wing of the Caucasian cordon line on the example of the history of Kizlyar in the first half of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Mahomed Gasanov ◽  
Abidat Gazieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the analysis of the historiography of the history of the city of Kizlyar. This issue is considered in the historical context of the Eastern Caucasus. The author analyzes the three main theoretical concepts of the problem concerning Russia’s policy in the region, using the example of the city of Kizlyar in the context of historiography.

scholarly journals Government houses as presentation of power and ideology in the Ottoman State: The case of Safranbolu Government House

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Sema Tuba Özmen ◽  
Beyza Onur
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Ideological Context ◽  
The Ideal

Architecture, which is associated with the practice of producing space, has always rendered the powers and ideologies visible. This study investigates the government houses in the 19th century Ottoman State with regard to the notions of power and ideology and focuses on the Government House of Safranbolu. It is known that, in the specified period, government houses were important ideological interventions to urban space. This study aims to address the ideological context of the Safranbolu Government House, which is positioned with the ideal of the state. Based on this, first, the urban history of Safranbolu was examined. The importance of Safranbolu Government House in the history of the city, its relationship with the city, its ideological message to the city-dwellers and its architectural style were analyzed through a method based on archival research. All government houses of the period are the artifacts of urban-spatial structures and their architectural style as well as a shared ideology. Safranbolu Government House, which is one of the structures symbolizing the Ottoman State, was also built with a similar ideological consideration. Thus, the readability of the dominant ideology through the production style of Safranbolu Government House, one of the final period architectural artifacts of the Ottoman State, was verified.

scholarly journals Jašiūnų dvaras kaip Lietuvos istorijos rašymo erdvė

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-328
Author(s):  
Reda Griškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Dual Nature ◽  
Archival Collection ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

JAŠIŪNAI MANOR AS A SPACE FOR WRITING LITHUANIAN HISTORY The aim of this article is to discuss the Jašiūnai manor (Pol. Jaszuny; Russ. Яшуны; Vilniaus Governorate, Vilnius County), owned by the historian, journalist, poet, translator and collector Michał vel Michał Wincenty Feliks Baliński (1794–1864). The manor will be discussed not only as a cultural hub for intellectuals in a general sense, but also as a unique space for writing Lithuanian history. The term “space” is understood here in the broad sense, as of the manor—as well as in the more narrow sense, as of the library itself (the historian’s office). Especially important for this research was the latter concept of a “space within a space”, the “historian’s workshop”, and its epicenter—the archive (manuscript collection). The aim of the research was to reconstruct the story of the emergence and fate of this collection of documents including its contents, sources, and most importantly its thematic direction and distinctiveness. The research showed that the largest collection of historical documents once housed in the archive of the Jašiūnai manor library is now kept in the Jagiellonian Library (Krakow). This material remains important to the history of the city of Vilnius, Vilnius University, and Lithuania’s academic history. Supplementary elements include attention to the Radvila family, the period of Steponas Batoras’s rule, and the history of the Szubrawcy (rascals) Society. This last component can be considered as an integral part not only of the history of Vilnius city but also of its university. The dual nature of the Jašiūnai archive is not necessarily an asset. When the library and archive of Jan vel Jan Chrzciciel Władysław Sniadecki vel Śniadecki (1756–1830) was transferred to the manor, Baliński’s own collection, which initially focused on the history of Lithuanian cities and Szubrawcy Society (especially of the latter), wound up relegated to the background. Keeping in mind the “competition for libraries” among the intellectual manors of Lithuania in the first half of the 19th century as they sought to distinguish themselves, it is very possible to conclude that the former University rector’s installment in the manor can today be viewed as a “historical error”. Thus Jašiūnai lost some of its playfulness and distinctiveness in the context of other intellectual manors of that time. The situation would have been different if the Auszlawis (such was Balinski’s pseudonym in the Szubrawcy Society) collection had been associated not with Jan Sniadecki, but rather with the documentary legacy of Sotwaros (i.e. Jędrzej Sniadecki vel Śniadecki [1768–1838]), especially his documentation of the Szubrawcy. All the more so since the egodocuments of Balinski suggest the idea that its real hero was not Sniadecki the Elder, but Sniadecki Jr. Analysis of the Balinski archival collection only confirmed that which was shown by the previously executed so-called common biographical research of this historian and lord: he was relegated to the background by circumstances. That is to say, relegated to a life lived in the shadow of Jan Sniadecki’s personality and to the importance of the Szubrawcy ideology, especially in the early and last periods of his life. The Jašiūnai document collection housed in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences shows that the latter circumstance was fully understood by Tadeusz vel Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski (1858–1925) and his peers. From here stems another “archival” conclusion regarding the uniqueness of the Wroblewski Library in our cultural and historical geography. The circumstances surrounding the transferral of the document collection from Jašiūnai remain unclear to this day, however it is very likely that Baliński’s will and testament was not taken into consideration. This shows that the owner of Jašiūnai did not have a Continuator for his work, and this can be seen in the ad te ipsum fragility of the collection.

scholarly journals Mapping a Nation: Daniel Carter Beard’s Time as a Surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
John J. Swab
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Fire Insurance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Eastern Half

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Fire insurance maps produced by the American firm the Sanborn Map Company have long served as cartographic guides to understanding the history of urban America. Primarily used by cultural and historical geographers, historians, historic preservationists, and environmental consultants; historians of cartography have little explored the history of this company. While this scholarship has addressed various facets of Sanborn’s history (Ristow, 1968), no scholarly piece has explored the lived experience of being a Sanborn surveyor. This lack of scholarship comes not from any significant oversight but rather from the fact that the contributions of most Sanborn surveyors were anonymous and little recorded on the maps themselves. Moreover, the company itself has done little to save its own history, thus little is known of their individual stories and experiences. The exception to this is perhaps the most famous Sanborn surveyor of all: Daniel Carter Beard.</p><p>Over the course of his nine-decade life, Daniel Carter Beard held several prominent positions including the co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the lead illustrator for many of Mark Twain’s novels. However, he got his start as a surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company in the 1870s, just a few years after its founding. His papers, housed at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, includes a variety of ephemera from his time with the Sanborn Map Company.</p><p>Trained in civil engineering, Beard got his start as a surveyor for the Cincinnati (Ohio) Office of Platting Commission, creating the first official plat map for the city. He was hired by Sanborn in 1874 and served as a surveyor until 1878, traveling extensively over the eastern half of the United States, parlaying his skills into creating fire insurance maps for Sanborn. Thus, this paper speaks to two main themes. The first theme traces the route of Beard during his early years with the company across the eastern half of the United States, documenting both the places he visited and the challenges he faced as a Sanborn surveyor. The second theme, interwoven through the paper, is an analysis of the innerworkings of Sanborn’s administrative structure and its relationship with the larger fire insurance market during the 1870s. Altogether, these documents present unique insight into the organization of the Sanborn Map Company and how it produced its maps during the second-half of the 19th century.</p>

FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF PEREYASLAV-KHMELNYTSKY BAKERY IN 1977–1985

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Valentina Shakula
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Personnel Turnover ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leading Enterprises ◽  
The City

The article deals with the peculiarities of the activity of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bakery in the period from 1977 to 1985, when Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bakery at the food factory was reorganized into an independent enterprise. This theme has been studied already fragmentarily by such scholars as M. Sikorsky, D. Shvydky, I. Goncharenko, O. Goncharenko, N. Onoprienko, but fundamentally is developed for the first time. In the process of work, the author used methods of search, analysis, synthesis and generalization, which allowed to investigate the problem and find out some facts from the history of the enterprises. The purpose of this study was to establish the peculiarities of the production activity of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bakery in the period of its establishment as an independent food enterprise through an analytical review of archival sources, publications of periodicals and systematization of the information received. According to the intended purpose, the following tasks are set: to investigate the history of the functioning of the Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bread factory in 1977-1985, to establish the main directions of the development of production and personnel policy, to identify the features of the range, directions and problems of its implementation. It was revealed that during this period of its production, Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bakery has undergone a long path of formation and development: from a small half-baked of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky foodstuff factory, that baked bread in brick burning stoves on solid fuels to a powerful enterprise, that works on high-tech equipment and provides high-quality bakery products, not only to the population of the city of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky and the district, but also to the nearest settlements of Boryspil, Baryshiv, Yagotyn districts of the Kyiv region, Zolotonosha and Drabiv districts of Cherkasy region. It is important that the gross output figures increase each year. The range of bakery products and the quality of products have increased significantly, despite the periodic problems associated with providing the bakery with quality raw materials and fuel materials for continuous operation. This influenced positively the economic performance of the enterprise and the entire region. It was also established that the administration of the bakery in the specified period paid special attention to the increase of professional qualifications of its employees, improvement of conditions and safety of their work, legal education and social security of people, which significantly reduced the percentage of personnel turnover. It was emphasized, that the important point of the backery's activity was the re-equipment of sanitary rooms and food units, because of the duration of work shift on bakery department was 24 hours for workers. Workers were provided by quality rest during lunch breaks. It has been proved, that the modernization of industrial baking equipment was not actually carried out at this time, if not taking into account the annual fragmentary and cosmetic repairs, because it was built also a new premises with the latest at that time technical equipment with a production capacity of 65 tons per day. The administration and the team of the bakery were seriously preparing themselves for work under the new conditions, as new mechanisms required not only experience, but also knowledge of the technical characteristics of the equipment and the release of new types of bakery products. Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky bakery played an important role in the economy of the city and the region during the first half of the 80's. XX century, as it was one of the leading enterprises of the food industry in the region.

scholarly journals Próby uobecniania tradycji w gdańskiej architekturze lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku

Porta Aurea ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 244-268
Author(s):  
Dominika Piluk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Communist System ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Tradition ◽  
Architectural Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Gdansk architecture of last decade of 20th century by all means tried to reconnect to the Gdansk architectural tradition, especially the glorified 19th-century German/ Gdańsk Renaissance. The essay aims to present a preliminary analysis of the phenomenon strongly present in the Gdańsk architectural discussion in the nineties: the phenomenon of reconstruction. The city’s architectural achievements of the 19th-century were reinterpreted. Moreover, not only did architects in democratic Poland have to face a new economic situation, but also the need to emphasize the departure from the visual form imposed by the communist system, which, particularly in Gdańsk, took a form of historicism. The complex history of the city, preserved in its architecture, had a huge impact on the aesthetics of buildings designed during the transformation period. Tis thorough introduction is aimed to show commitment to the great tradition of the harbour city, which often resulted in neglecting innovations and modern architectural standards, these forced by the diffcult times of the economic change, as well as the concept of the city’s identity. The article focuses on the examples of buildings erected after 1989, as well as the public opinion debate, which jointly attempted to emphasise the mythical greatness of old Gdańsk.

Salvador da Bahia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guida Marques
Keyword(s):  
Slave Trade ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Salvador Da Bahia ◽  
Atlantic Studies ◽  
Urban Slavery ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The city of Salvador da Bahia was founded in 1549 under the name of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos (Holy Savior of the Bay of All Saints). But it was known as the city of Bahia between the 16th and 19th centuries. This major Atlantic port city developed by exporting sugar and tobacco to Europe and beyond and importing slaves from Africa. It was also the capital of Portuguese America until 1763. We cannot really separate the history of the city and that of its hinterland, one of the most prosperous plantation economies in the Atlantic world. It was the plantations of the Recôncavo that made Bahia one of the major slaveholding regions in the Americas and the interaction between the city of Bahia and its hinterland was constant. Nonetheless, this article focuses on the urban setting. Salvador da Bahia was a Portuguese colonial city, built on land of the Tupinambá people, which brought together a multiethnic community made up of European, indigenous, and African populations. It was a cosmopolitan city despite itself, whose development was closely linked to slavery and slave trade. It was a place of mutual influence and deep reconfiguration, where mixing was both obvious and problematic. The society of Bahia was based on exclusion and negotiated forms of integration, influenced by the Portuguese imperial framework. It was a complex slave society, whose transformation between the 16th and the 19th centuries cannot be understood without taking into account the several Atlantic dynamics. Slavery reached its peak during the Brazilian imperial regime, being kept untouched after independence, and the dynamics of the city remained deeply tied to the slave trade, whether illegal or interprovincial. This persistence of slavery through the 19th century raises the question of the traditional chronology of the history of Brazil, whose colonial period would end with independence. This article encompasses both colonial and imperial periods and offers a wide historiographical overview on Salvador da Bahia. The historiography of Bahia has been extensively devoted to slavery history and slave populations. Historians have long been interested in black urban slavery and its specificities, highlighting the complexity of the society of Salvador da Bahia and the strength of the interactions that took place there. In recent years, scholars have explored new perspectives, by taking the path of micro history and collective biographies. They have examined in depth the multiple connections between Bahia and different African regions, which involved different agents and social groups. By focusing on the South Atlantic, they have experimented with approaches beyond the imperial framework and have made a major contribution to Atlantic studies. The political perspectives were also renewed, emphasizing the strength of local powers and the interactions between local and imperial strategies. The indigenous history of the region of Bahia is also experiencing a significant revival. We thus intend to emphasize recent works and ongoing research on Salvador da Bahia.

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