scholarly journals Referential Communication Between Friends and Strangers in the Wild

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Kris Liu ◽  
J. Trevor D'Arcey ◽  
Marilyn Walker ◽  
Jean Fox Tree
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Downtown Area ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
In The Wild

The Map Task (Anderson et al., 1991) and Tangram Task (Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986) are traditional referential communication tasks that are used in psycholinguistics research to demonstrate how conversational partners mutually agree on descriptions (or referring expressions) for landmarks or unusual target objects. These highly-controlled, laboratory-based tasks take place under conditions that are relatively unusual for naturally-occurring conversations (Speed, Wnuk, & Majid, 2016). In this study, we used the Artwalk Task (Liu, Fox Tree, & Walker, 2016) – a real world-situated blend of the Map Task and Tangram Task – to demonstrate that the process of negotiating referring expressions ‘in the wild’ is similar to the process that takes place in a laboratory. In Artwalk, participant pairs communicated via a Skype-to-mobile phone connection. One participant guided the other through a small downtown area with the goal of identifying public art objects, finding objects twice during two rounds. In addition to replicating laboratory results, we also found that acquaintanceship and extraversion influenced the number of unique descriptors used by dyads in this task. In Round 1, introverts in stranger dyads used fewer descriptors but introverts in friend dyads were indistinguishable from extraverts. The influence of extraversion declined by Round 2. This study suggests that referent negotiation observed in labs is generalizable but that naturalistic communication is subject to social and personality factors that may not be as influential in laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal About the Real World?

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D Levitt ◽  
John A List
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
The Real ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Laboratory Results

A critical question facing experimental economists is whether behavior inside the laboratory is a good indicator of behavior outside the laboratory. To address that question, we build a model in which the choices that individuals make depend not just on financial implications, but also on the nature and extent of scrutiny by others, the particular context in which a decision is embedded, and the manner in which participants and tasks are selected. We present empirical evidence demonstrating the importance of these various factors. To the extent that lab and naturally occurring environments systematically differ on any of these dimensions, the results obtained inside and outside the lab need not correspond. Focusing on experiments designed to measure social preferences, we discuss the extent to which the existing laboratory results generalize to naturally-occurring markets. We summarize cases where the lab may understate the importance of social preferences as well as instances in which the lab might exaggerate their importance. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of interpreting laboratory and field data through the lens of theory.

Improving the External Validity of Conjoint Analysis: The Essential Role of Profile Distribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon de la Cuesta ◽  
Naoki Egami ◽  
Kosuke Imai
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Open Source Software Package ◽  
Profile Distribution

Abstract Conjoint analysis has become popular among social scientists for measuring multidimensional preferences. When analyzing such experiments, researchers often focus on the average marginal component effect (AMCE), which represents the causal effect of a single profile attribute while averaging over the remaining attributes. What has been overlooked, however, is the fact that the AMCE critically relies upon the distribution of the other attributes used for the averaging. Although most experiments employ the uniform distribution, which equally weights each profile, both the actual distribution of profiles in the real world and the distribution of theoretical interest are often far from uniform. This mismatch can severely compromise the external validity of conjoint analysis. We empirically demonstrate that estimates of the AMCE can be substantially different when averaging over the target profile distribution instead of uniform. We propose new experimental designs and estimation methods that incorporate substantive knowledge about the profile distribution. We illustrate our methodology through two empirical applications, one using a real-world distribution and the other based on a counterfactual distribution motivated by a theoretical consideration. The proposed methodology is implemented through an open-source software package.

scholarly journals Understanding Smartwatch Battery Utilization in the Wild

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Homayounfar ◽  
Amirhossein Malekijoo ◽  
Aku Visuri ◽  
Chelsea Dobbins ◽  
Ella Peltonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Indexing Method ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Battery Discharge ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Application Developers

Smartwatch battery limitations are one of the biggest hurdles to their acceptability in the consumer market. To our knowledge, despite promising studies analyzing smartwatch battery data, there has been little research that has analyzed the battery usage of a diverse set of smartwatches in a real-world setting. To address this challenge, this paper utilizes a smartwatch dataset collected from 832 real-world users, including different smartwatch brands and geographic locations. First, we employ clustering to identify common patterns of smartwatch battery utilization; second, we introduce a transparent low-parameter convolutional neural network model, which allows us to identify the latent patterns of smartwatch battery utilization. Our model converts the battery consumption rate into a binary classification problem; i.e., low and high consumption. Our model has 85.3% accuracy in predicting high battery discharge events, outperforming other machine learning algorithms that have been used in state-of-the-art research. Besides this, it can be used to extract information from filters of our deep learning model, based on learned filters of the feature extractor, which is impossible for other models. Third, we introduce an indexing method that includes a longitudinal study to quantify smartwatch battery quality changes over time. Our novel findings can assist device manufacturers, vendors and application developers, as well as end-users, to improve smartwatch battery utilization.

scholarly journals GazeEMD: Detecting Visual Intention in Gaze-Based Human-Robot Interaction

Robotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Lei Shi ◽  
Cosmin Copot ◽  
Steve Vanlanduit
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Real World ◽  
Robotic Manipulator ◽  
Similarity Score ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Run Length ◽  
The Real

In gaze-based Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), it is important to determine human visual intention for interacting with robots. One typical HRI interaction scenario is that a human selects an object by gaze and a robotic manipulator will pick up the object. In this work, we propose an approach, GazeEMD, that can be used to detect whether a human is looking at an object for HRI application. We use Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD) to measure the similarity between the hypothetical gazes at objects and the actual gazes. Then, the similarity score is used to determine if the human visual intention is on the object. We compare our approach with a fixation-based method and HitScan with a run length in the scenario of selecting daily objects by gaze. Our experimental results indicate that the GazeEMD approach has higher accuracy and is more robust to noises than the other approaches. Hence, the users can lessen cognitive load by using our approach in the real-world HRI scenario.

The Ecology of the Western Swamp Tortoise Pseudemydura Umbrina (Testudines: Chelidae).

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Burbidge
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Desiccation Rate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Growth Activity

Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) was rediscovered in Western Australia in 1954. It is a relict species of a monotypic genus, of very restricted range and specialized habitat. Population was estimated to be 13 to 45 and decreasing at 1 of its 2 native reserves and to be 10 to 45 and static at the other reserve. It does not use permanent water, but lives and feeds in ephemeral winter swamps and spends the other 6 to 9 months of the year in refuges in leaf litter, under fallen branches or in holes in the ground, in contact with the soil. The tortoise is carnivorous and in the wild takes only live aquatic organisms. Captive adults will not take meat until they have starved for many months. Stomach of 1 female (Edward, pers. commun.) had aquatic crustaceans, chiefly Eulimnadia sp., with insects and insect larvae, mainly Coleoptera and Diptera. Study of faeces confirmed that observation had shown that small tadpoles and an aquatic earthworm (Eodrilus cornigravei) were eaten also. Reproduction, growth, activity relative to body and water temperature, and desiccation rate, were noted. One adult female tortoise was eaten by a fox. Foxes and bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) eat eggs of other tortoises and would eat those of P. umbrina. Hatchlings may be eaten by large wading birds such as straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and white-faced heron (Notophoyx novaehollandiae).

Peer Sharing Facilitates the Effect of Inquiry-based Projects on Science Learning

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Min Chung ◽  
Kristina Jackson Behan
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Real World ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Group Learning ◽  
Authentic Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Activity ◽  
Millennial Students ◽  
Inquiry Based Learning

Authentic assessment exercises are similar to real-world tasks that would be expected by a professional. An authentic assessment in combination with an inquiry-based learning activity enhances students' learning and rehearses them for their future roles, whether as scientists or as informed citizens. Over a period of 2 years, we experimented with two inquiry-based projects; one had traditional scientific inquiry characteristics, and the other used popular culture as the medium of inquiry. We found that activities that incorporated group learning motivated students and sharpened their abilities to apply and communicate their knowledge of science. We also discovered that incorporating popular culture provided ““Millennial”” students with a refreshing view of science learning and increased their appetites to explore and elaborate on science.

ERGUN ÖZBUDUN, Contemporary Turkish Politics: Challenges to Democratic Consolidation (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000). Pp. 181. $49.95 cloth.

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-660
Author(s):  
Frank Tachau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Real World ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Turkish Politics ◽  
Political Studies

Based on Professor Özbudun's lectures at Bilkent University, this book is at once compact, highly readable, and very insightful. Unlike much current literature on Turkey, the analysis is set in a broad and informed comparative context. Turkey, the author points out, has been left out of comparative political studies, particularly those encompassing the Middle East and southern Europe, in which arguably it could (or should) have been included. Scholarly neglect thus reflects real-world politics: Turkey falls between two worlds, one of which it once largely controlled, the other to which it currently aspires to belong. This lacuna is one of the factors that persuaded Özbudun to publish this volume.

scholarly journals An Optimal and Stable Algorithm for Clustering Numerical Data

Algorithms ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Ali Seman ◽  
Azizian Mohd Sapawi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Stable Algorithm ◽  
Real World Applications

In the conventional k-means framework, seeding is the first step toward optimization before the objects are clustered. In random seeding, two main issues arise: the clustering results may be less than optimal and different clustering results may be obtained for every run. In real-world applications, optimal and stable clustering is highly desirable. This report introduces a new clustering algorithm called the zero k-approximate modal haplotype (Zk-AMH) algorithm that uses a simple and novel seeding mechanism known as zero-point multidimensional spaces. The Zk-AMH provides cluster optimality and stability, therefore resolving the aforementioned issues. Notably, the Zk-AMH algorithm yielded identical mean scores to maximum, and minimum scores in 100 runs, producing zero standard deviation to show its stability. Additionally, when the Zk-AMH algorithm was applied to eight datasets, it achieved the highest mean scores for four datasets, produced an approximately equal score for one dataset, and yielded marginally lower scores for the other three datasets. With its optimality and stability, the Zk-AMH algorithm could be a suitable alternative for developing future clustering tools.

Interactions between DNA-bound trimers of the yeast heat shock factor

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
J J Bonner ◽  
C Ballou ◽  
D L Fackenthal
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobilities ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Initial Identification ◽  
Dyad Symmetry ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

The heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is a trimer that binds to DNA containing inverted repeats of the sequence nGAAn. HSF can bind DNA with the sequence nGAAnnTTCn or with the sequence nTTCnnGAAn, with little preference for either sequence over the other. However, (nGAAnnTTCn)2 is considerably less active as a heat shock response element (HSE) than is (nTTCnnGAAn)2. The electrophoretic mobilities of DNA-protein complexes and chemical cross-linking between protein monomers indicate that the sequence (nGAAnnTTCn)2 is capable of binding a single HSF trimer. In contrast, the sequence with higher biological activity, (nTTCnnGAAn)2, is capable of binding two trimers. Thus, the ability of four-nGAAn-element HSEs to bind one or two trimers depends on the permutation with which the elements are presented. A survey of naturally occurring HSEs shows the sequence (nTTCnnGAAn)2 to be the more prevalent. We suggest that the greater ability of one permutation over the other to bind two HSF trimers accounts for the initial identification of the naturally occurring heat shock consensus sequence as a region of dyad symmetry.

Responsibility and obligation in the ‘Responsibility to Protect’

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 25-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM BAIN
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Real

AbstractThis article takes up Louise Arbour's claim that the doctrine of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ is grounded in existing obligations of international law, specifically those pertaining to the prevention and punishment of genocide. In doing so, it argues that the aspirations of the R2P project cannot be sustained by the idea of ‘responsibility’ alone. The article proceeds in arguing that the coherence of R2P depends on an unacknowledged and unarticulated theory of obligation that connects notions of culpability, blame, and accountability with the kind of preventive, punitive, and restorative action that Arbour and others advocate. Two theories of obligation are then offered, one natural the other conventional, which make this connection explicit. But the ensuing clarity comes at a cost: the naturalist account escapes the ‘real’ world to redeem the intrinsic dignity of all men and women, while the conventionalist account remains firmly tethered to the ‘real’ world in redeeming whatever dignity can be had by way of an agreement. The article concludes by arguing that the advocate of the responsibility to protect can have one or the other, but not both.

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