scholarly journals The xanthine oxidase and its associated activities of the ovine milk and liver: distinctive in impact of in vivo molybdenum

10.5219/1665 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 632-638
Author(s):  
Akmaral Mukhamejanova ◽  
Zerekbay Alikulov ◽  
Bakyt Tuganova ◽  
Zhanna Adamzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Aromatic Aldehydes ◽  
Oxidative Transformation ◽  
Oxidation Stage ◽  
Animal Milk

Xanthine oxidase is molybdenum and iron-containing flavoprotein, catalyzing the final oxidation stage of purines and oxidative transformation of pterins and some aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Despite the importance of this enzyme, the distribution of xanthine oxidase in traditional household animal’s milk and tissues is unknown. Formerly, we have found most of the xanthine oxidase molecules in animal milk are inactive because of a lack of molybdenum. Ovine milk was processed by inserting in vivo molybdenum (tungsten) into drinking water. We gave opposite dates in the presence of tungsten too. Heating the milk of animals at 80 °C for 5 minutes in the presence of molybdenum and cysteine led to a sharp increase of xanthine oxidase and its associated – nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. The change of xanthine oxidase and its associated activities were examined by spectrophotometry after treatment. It was established that metal ions added in drinking water for animals have an impact on enzyme activities. The activity is formed in the ovine liver even in the absence of exogenous molybdenum in drinking water. The associated activities of liver enzymes in the presence of molybdenum in drinking water had slightly increased. Tungsten-containing water led to the loss of all activities of liver xanthine oxidase. It is proposed that the liver contains a special protein involving in the incorporation of molybdenum (or tungsten) into xanthine oxidase molecule, however, the milk or mammary gland compounds lack this protein.

Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase in mammary gland of mouse: relationship to mammogenesis and lactogenesis in vivo and in vitro

1991 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hayden ◽  
Denise Brennan ◽  
Katherine Quirke ◽  
Paddie Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Explant Culture ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Histological Differentiation ◽  
Variant Enzyme

SummaryXanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase (XO/XDH) increases at mid gestation in mammary gland but not in liver of the mouse and remains elevated until the pups are weaned at 20 d post partum. The increase in enzyme activity is due neither to alteration in activators or inhibitors nor to a production of a variant enzyme with altered catalytic properties. The increase is preceded in vivo by a surge of prolactin-like activity (placental lactogen) in plasma, and prolactin is required for induction of XO/XDH in explant culture in vitro. Induction of XO/XDH in vivo and in vitro precedes the full histological differentiation of the gland. In addition, induction of XO/XDH in vitro occurs more rapidly and at lower concentrations of prolactin than does histological differentiation. Thus although XO/XDH is present in milk, increased XO/XDH activity is an early event in mammogenesis in vivo and in vitro rather than a terminal component of differentiation.

Superoxide, Xanthine Oxidase and Platelet Reactions: Further Studies on Mechanisms by which Oxidants Influence Platelets

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H Levine ◽  
Danielle G Sladdin ◽  
Norman I Krinsky
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Release Reaction

SummaryIn the course of studying the effects on platelets of the oxidant species superoxide (O- 2), Of was generated by the interaction of xanthine oxidase plus xanthine. Surprisingly, gel-filtered platelets, when exposed to xanthine oxidase in the absence of xanthine substrate, were found to generate superoxide (O- 2), as determined by the reduction of added cytochrome c and by the inhibition of this reduction in the presence of superoxide dismutase.In addition to generating Of, the xanthine oxidase-treated platelets display both aggregation and evidence of the release reaction. This xanthine oxidase induced aggreagtion is not inhibited by the addition of either superoxide dismutase or cytochrome c, suggesting that it is due to either a further metabolite of O- 2, or that O- 2 itself exerts no important direct effect on platelet function under these experimental conditions. The ability of Of to modulate platelet reactions in vivo or in vitro remains in doubt, and xanthine oxidase is an unsuitable source of O- 2 in platelet studies because of its own effects on platelets.

A Nude Mouse Model as an in vivo Infectivity Assay for Cryptospomdiosis

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Kwa ◽  
M. Moyad ◽  
M. A. Pentella ◽  
J. B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Nude Mouse ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Nude Mouse Model ◽  
Infectivity Assay ◽  
Limiting Dilution

Cryptosporidium parvum is an important patliogen of diarrlieal disease which has been implicated in several outbreaks associated with contamination of surface waters. In monitoring for C. parvum in drinking water sources, it is important to asce tain the viability, and more importantly, the infectivity of low numbers of recovered oocysts. Groups of 10 Balb/C nude (nu/nu) mice, 4-8 weeks old at time of inoculation, were infected with C. parvum oocysts from naturally infected calves and purified using Sheather's sucrose gradients. Oocysts were counted using the Merifluor IFA kit (Meridian). Each group of 10 mice were infected with 1,10,100 and 1000 oocysts respectively. Numbers of oocysts per inoculation were determined by limiting dilution, and parallel inocula were counted microscopically to ascertain the accuracy of the dilutions. Two uninfected nude mice were kept in each cage to serve as controls. Mouse stools were collected every 4 days, concentrated using the Fekal Kontrate Concentration Kit (Meridian) and oocysts were counted with a UV microscope using the Merifluor IFA Kit (Meridian). Oocyst counts were expressed in terms of number of oocyst/g feces. Mice inoculated with 1000 oocysts began to shed oocysts on day 32, mice inoculated with 100 oocysts began to shed on days 44-48, mice inoculated with 10 oocysts began to shed on days 56-60, and mice inoculated with 1 oocyst shed on days 68-88. All infected mice continued to shed oocysts intermittently and with variable oocyst counts until day 180 when the experiment was terminated. This study established that it is possible to infect nude mice with very low numbers, down to a single oocyst. We are currently in the process of correlating the nude mouse assay with other viability assays.

Preparation and Biochemical Evaluation of Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Punica granatum Extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Haroun ◽  
Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa ◽  
Samia M.M. Mohafrash
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Pomegranate Peel Extract ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Functionalized Mwcnts ◽  
Peel Extract

Background: Funcionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-MWCNTs) were used for the preparation of therapeutic nanoparticles for delivery of some bioactive compounds. Consequently, this work deals with the preparation of grafted MWCNTs with n-vinyl caprolactam in the presence of pomegranate peel extract (P. granatum), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and/or silver nanoparticeles and their toxic effects on male mice using in vivo biological examination (liver and kidney dysfunction biomarkers) and the histopathological analysis. Methods: P. granatum extract was immobilized onto functionalized MWCNTs using simple adsorption technique. Moreover, The prepared materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vivo examination using liver and kidney dysfunction biomarkers was investigated. In addition, the histopathological study was carried out. Results: The ox-MWCNTs induced significant elevation in the liver enzymes including AST, ALT and ALP relative to the control group. While, the treatment with P. granatum extract only did not induce any change in the liver and kidney biomarkers. In other words, P. granatum extract loaded onto functionalized MWCNTs showed low effects on liver enzymes and kidney function biomarkers in the treated mice in comparison with ox-MWCNTs and extract separately. Moreover, histopathological analysis revealed that the P. granatum extract functionalized MWCNTs exhibited normal renal tissue with no histopathological alteration. Conclusion: The grafted MWCNTs with n-vinyl caprolactam in the presence of pomegranate peel extract (P. granatum), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and/or silver nanoparticeles were successfully prepared. SEM-micrographs showed complete coating of MWCNTs fiber with the extract. The prepared materials resulted in no toxic effects and the histopathological findings were confirmed by inflammation of the liver and kidney tissues.

Evaluation of Anti-diabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity of Isolated Bioactive Compounds of Leaves of Annona reticulata Linn.

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyani Pathak ◽  
Aparoop Das ◽  
Anshul Shakya ◽  
Riya Saikia ◽  
Himangshu Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Per Oral ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity ◽  
Annona Reticulata

Background: The leaves of Annona reticulata Linn. have been traditionally used by the tribes of Assam as a source of medicine to mitigate a range of health ailments including diabetes and obesity. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of bioactive fractions isolated from the methanolic extract of Annona reticulata Linn. leaves using Nicotinamide + Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats. Methods: The partially purified bioactive fractions, namely F1, F2, F3 and F4 were administered to diabetic rats with the dose of 200 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.) and the effect of the fractions on serum glucose were studied up to 21 days. The potent fractions were further subjected for spectral analysis for identification of the isolated active compounds. Results: The in-vivo anti-diabetic activity of the isolated fractions F2 and F3 were found significant controlling blood glucose level, alike glibenclamide. Interestingly, F2 and F3 treated animals were found significant in restoring the lipid and liver enzymes profile in streptozotocin challenge rats. Further, spectral analysis revealed that F2 and F3 were comprises Quercetin and Gallic acid, respectively. Conclusion: Outcome of finding demonstrate the anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of the isolates/fractions of A. reticulata, which were found enriched in polyphenolics including Quercetin and Gallic acid; and provides logistic behind the traditional use of the A. reticulata against Diabetes and obesity.

scholarly journals Biochemical, Ameliorative and Cytotoxic Effects of Newly Synthesized Curcumin Microemulsions: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 817
Author(s):  
Abbas Rahdar ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad ◽  
Saman Sargazi ◽  
Maryam Zaboli ◽  
Mahmood Barani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Ethyl Butyrate ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Advanced Therapies

Curcumin is known to exhibit antioxidant and tissue-healing properties and has recently attracted the attention of the biomedical community for potential use in advanced therapies. This work reports the formulation and characterization of oil-in-water F127 microemulsions to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin Microemulsions showed a high encapsulation efficiency and prolonged release. To investigate the interactions of curcumin with one unit of the polymeric chain of surfactant F127, ethyl butyrate, and sodium octanoate, as well as the interaction between ethyl butyrate and one unit of the F127 polymer chain, the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X level of theory, were performed in water solution. The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of free and encapsulated curcumin on non-malignant and malignant cell lines. Combination effects were calculated according to Chou-Talalay’s principles. Results of in vitro studies indicated that MCF7 and HepG2 cells were more sensitive to curcumin microemulsions. Moreover, a synergistic relationship was observed between curcumin microemulsions and cisplatin in all affected fractions of MCF7 and HepG2 cells (CI < 0.9). For in vivo investigation, thioacetamide-intoxicated rats received thioacetamide (100 mg/kg Sc) followed by curcumin microemulsions (30 mg/kg Ip). Thioacetamide-intoxicated rats showed elevated serum liver enzymes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels, and a significant reduction in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (p < 0.05). Curcumin microemulsions reduced liver enzymes and serum creatinine and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in thioacetamide-treated rats in comparison to the untreated thioacetamide-intoxicated group. Histopathological investigations confirmed the biochemical findings. Overall, the current results showed the desirable hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-cancer effects of curcumin microemulsions.

scholarly journals Mammary gland 3D cell culture systems in farm animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Finot ◽  
Eric Chanat ◽  
Frederic Dessauge
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Cell Culture Systems

AbstractIn vivo study of tissue or organ biology in mammals is very complex and progress is slowed by poor accessibility of samples and ethical concerns. Fortunately, however, advances in stem cell identification and culture have made it possible to derive in vitro 3D “tissues” called organoids, these three-dimensional structures partly or fully mimicking the in vivo functioning of organs. The mammary gland produces milk, the source of nutrition for newborn mammals. Milk is synthesized and secreted by the differentiated polarized mammary epithelial cells of the gland. Reconstructing in vitro a mammary-like structure mimicking the functional tissue represents a major challenge in mammary gland biology, especially for farm animals for which specific agronomic questions arise. This would greatly facilitate the study of mammary gland development, milk secretion processes and pathological effects of viral or bacterial infections at the cellular level, all with the objective of improving milk production at the animal level. With this aim, various 3D cell culture models have been developed such as mammospheres and, more recently, efforts to develop organoids in vitro have been considerable. Researchers are now starting to draw inspiration from other fields, such as bioengineering, to generate organoids that would be more physiologically relevant. In this chapter, we will discuss 3D cell culture systems as organoids and their relevance for agronomic research.

scholarly journals Regulation of lipogenic capacity in lactating rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 208 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Grigor ◽  
A Geursen ◽  
M J Sneyd ◽  
S M Warren
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Specific Activities

1. The rate of mammary-gland lipogenesis measured in vivo from 3H2O was suppressed after decreasing the milk demand by decreasing the number of pups from ten to two or three, as well as by giving diets containing lipid [Grigor & Warren (1980) Biochem. J. 188, 61-65]. 2. The specific activities of the lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ‘malic’ enzyme increased between 6- and 10-fold in the mammary gland and between 2- and 3-fold in the livers during the first 10 days of lactation. The increases in specific activity coupled with the doubling of liver mass which occurred during pregnancy and lactation resulted in considerable differences in total liver activities when compared with virgin animals. 3. Although consumption of a diet containing 20% peanut oil suppressed the activities of the three lipogenic enzymes in the livers, only the ‘malic’ enzyme was affected in the mammary glands. 4. In contrast, decreased milk demand did not affect the specific activities of any of the liver enzymes, whereas it resulted in suppression of all three lipogenic enzymes of the mammary glands. There was no effect on either the cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase or the lactate dehydrogenase of the mammary gland. 5. In all the experiments performed, the activity of the fatty acid synthase correlated with the amount of material precipitated by the rabbit antibody raised against rat fatty acid synthase.

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