scholarly journals La secesión como solución al problema del estado. el caso de cataluña

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Franch Parella
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Right

Classical liberalism has failed to limit the growth of the State. The right to self-determination, a principle supported by Ludwig von Mises, is the last mechanism to save the natural order based on liberty and private property. State dysfunctions in current Spain are stark, with Catalonia that cannot fit in the state structure. In recent years, the Catalan secessionist movement has gained new impetus. Galvanized by the civil society, the Catalan government claims sover­ eignty, but the central government consistently opposes. The economic crisis is added to the general deterioration of the public administration and the institution­ al corruption. Given this historical juncture, this article analyzes the current situa­ tion of Catalonia within Spain, traces its historical evolution according to Hoppe’s theory and proposes the mechanism to overcome the anachronistic nation-state, evolving to a social order based on private property and free market. Key words: Spain, Catalonia, State, Secession, Democracy. JEL Classification: H1. Resumen: El liberalismo clásico no ha conseguido limitar el crecimiento del Esta­ do. El derecho de autodeterminación, un principio defendido por Ludwig von Mises, es el mecanismo último para salvar el orden natural basado en la libertad y la propiedad privada. Las disfunciones del Estado se manifiestan actualmente en España, donde Cataluña no encuentra un encaje satisfactorio. En los últimos años, el movimiento secesionista catalán ha ganado renovado ímpetu. Galvani­ zado por la sociedad civil, el gobierno de la Generalitat de Catalunya reclama una soberanía a la que el gobierno central se opone sistemáticamente. A la crisis económica se le añade la corrupción institucional. Ante esta encrucijada históri­ ca, el presente artículo analiza la situación actual de Cataluña dentro del Estado español, traza su evolución histórica según la teoría de Hoppe y propone los mecanismos necesarios para superar el anacrónico estado- nación, evolucionan­ do hacia un orden social basado en la propiedad privada y el libre mercado. Palabras clave: España, Cataluña, Estado, Secesión, Democracia. Clasificación JEL: H1.

Anarchism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Crowder
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
Stateless Society ◽  
Second World ◽  
Modern Form

Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. Although there have been intimations of the anarchist outlook throughout history, anarchist ideas emerged in their modern form in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in the wake of the French and Industrial Revolutions. All anarchists support some version of each of the following broad claims: (1) people have no general obligation to obey the commands of the state; (2) the state ought to be abolished; (3) some kind of stateless society is possible and desirable; (4) the transition from state to anarchy is a realistic prospect Within this broad framework there is a rich variety of anarchist thought. The main political division is between the ‘classical’ or socialist school, which tends to reject or restrict private property, and the ‘individualist’ or libertarian tradition, which defends private acquisition and looks to free market exchange as a model for the desirable society. Philosophical differences follow this division to some extent, the classical school appealing principally to natural law and perfectionist ethics, and the individualists to natural rights and egoism. Another possible distinction is between the ‘old’ anarchism of the nineteenth century (including both the classical and individualist traditions) and the ‘new’ anarchist thought that has developed since the Second World War, which applies the insights of such recent ethical currents as feminism, ecology and postmodernism. Anarchists have produced powerful arguments denying any general obligation to obey the state and pointing out the ill effects of state power. More open to question are their claims that states ought to be abolished, that social order is possible without the state and that a transition to anarchy is a realistic possibility.

scholarly journals Hacia una teoría de los bienes públicos como bienes políticos y el rol estatal

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-246
Author(s):  
Alan G. Futerman
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
James Buchanan ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Ideal Agent ◽  
Von Mises

In this work Public Goods are analyzed from the point of view of their definition as «non-excludable» and «non-rivalry» in order to show the contradictions it entails. Also we propose Political Goods as a proper name in order to define those goods provided by the state apart from the basic ones (security and justice) and therefore to show how these are the result of political pressure and arbitrary decisions by bureaucrats (which is studied in the works of James Buchanan on Democracy). Finally we present a possible justification for the provision of Security and Justice by the State based on Economic Theory (according to the theories of Robert Nozick), which would show that the State could be the ideal agent to provide these goods, while at the same time avoid using the contradictory and ambiguous category of Public Goods. Key words: Public Goods, Praxeology, Ludwig von Mises, Public Choice School, James Buchanan, Minimal State, Robert Nozick, Spontaneous Order, Created Order, Externalities. JEL Classification: H40, H41, H42, D62. Resumen: En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de los Bienes Públicos desde su definición de «No Exclusión» y «No Rivalidad» para demostrar las contradicciones en que incurre la misma. A su vez se propone como término correcto el de Bienes Políticos para ilustrar que aquellas funciones que el Estado adopta por encima de las básicas (seguridad y justicia) son fruto de presiones políticas y la arbitrariedad de los funcionarios (lo cual es ilustrado con las teorías de James Buchanan sobre la Democracia). Finalmente se procede a brindar una posible justificación de la provisión estatal de Segu - ridad y Justicia bajo los fundamentos de la Teoría Económica (en base a las teorías de Robert Nozick), lo cual demostraría que estos son bienes para cuya provisión el Estado podría ser el agente o árbitro ideal, sin necesidad de recurrir a la categoría contradictoria y ambigua de Bienes Públicos. Palabras clave: Bienes Públicos, Praxeología, Ludwig von Mises, Escuela de la Elección Pública, James Buchanan, Estado Mínimo, Robert Nozick, Orden Espontáneo, Orden Creado, Externalidades. Clasificación JEL: H40, H41, H42, D62.

scholarly journals Two theoretical approaches to human behavior and social institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-50
Author(s):  
Javier Aranzadi del Cerro
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Von Mises

This paper deals with theoretical approaches to the real economic crisis we are suffering. I set out the poverty of the theoretical solutions offered by mainstream neoclassical economics and the necessity of a new theoretical approach, which is not obsessed by the positivist method. My argument is based on the work of Ludwig von Mises who was considered to give the best theoretical arguments in the debate on the impossibility of efficient economic calculation under centrally planned socialism. Although nowadays the Austrian School is considered old-fashion and lacking in scientific rigour, I agree with the late Professor Sumantra Ghoshal that it is necessary to escape from strait-jacketed methods and try to understand real economics problems. Our market economy is suffering from what he described as the consequences of bad theories destroying good entrepreneurial practices. For I do think that the triumph over communism is in danger of becoming a Pyrrhic victory if we lose our understanding of the market economy and its dynamic structure based on entrepreneurs and firms. Key words: Human action, Ludwig von Mises, Chicago School, entrepre - neurship, market process, social institutions. JEL Classification: A10; B41; B53; D00. Resumen: Este artículo compara los modelos teóricos con los que se analiza la crisis económica que estamos sufriendo. Planteo la pobreza teórica ofrecida por el paradigma neoclásico dominante y defiendo la necesidad de nuevas aproximaciones teóricas que no estén obsesionadas por el método positivista. Mi argumento se basa en la obra de Ludwig von Mises quien fue considerado el economista que esgrimió los mejores argumentos tóricos en el debate sobre la imposibilidad de una cálculo económico eficiente en una económica de planificación central. Aunque hoy en día se considera que la Escuela Austriaca está pasada de moda y falta de rigor científico, estoy de acuerdo con el difunto profesor Sumantra Ghoshal sobre la necesidad de abandonar los métodos encorsetados e intentar comprender los problemas económicos reales. Nuestra economía de mercado está sufriendo las consecuencias de lo que él describe como malas teorías que destruyen buenas prácticas empresariales. Son estas las razones por las que pienso que el triunfo sobre el comunismo está en riego de convertirse en una victoria pírrica si perdemos nuestra comprensión de la economía de mercado y su estructura dinámica basadas en la empresarialidad y la empresa privada. Palabras clave: Acción humana, Ludwig von Mises, Escuela de Chicago, empresarialidad, proceso de mercado, instituciones sociales. Clasificación JEL: A10; B41; B53; D00.

Tight or Loose Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Command Economy ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

This chapter examines the second dilemma in the design of governance strategies, which relates to strictness of control. Leaders must choose whether to monitor and regulate behavior loosely or intensively. This is certainly true with regard to control of the everyday conduct of citizens through surveillance and policing. A similar choice must be made in the economic sphere, between a command economy and free markets. And the dilemma arises again within the apparatus of the state itself. For example, central government must decide whether to exercise more or less supervision over lower levels of government. Moreover, within each level of government, political leaders must decide whether to give more or less autonomy to bureaucrats charged with implementing their policies. In all of these contexts, similar calculations about the right measure of control must be made.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Katie Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
Social Body ◽  
Socioeconomic Issues ◽  
Market Women ◽  
The Right

This chapter introduces the over 1,000 Parisian market women known as the Dames des Halles and outlines how Politics in the Marketplace changes understandings of work, gender, and citizenship in the French Revolution. First, this book insists that marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through their daily commerce. As the revolutionaries overhauled Old Regime privileges in les Halles, they confronted the tensions between socially egalitarian projects and free market aspirations in everyday trade. Second, this book expands recent non-Marxist inquiries to reconsider the socioeconomic issues at the heart of the Revolution. It proposes the concept of economic citizenship to consider how an individual’s economic activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes position him/her within the collective social body and enable him/her to make claims on the state. Third, Politics in the Marketplace intervenes in the dominant narrative of gender and modern democracy. Instead of defining citizenship by electoral rights, this book explores how the Dames and fellow revolutionaries invented multiple notions of citizenship in its embryonic stages, some of which did not immediately divide citizenship by gender. Fourth, this book argues that, in their words and actions, the Dames conceptualized their citizenship through useful work. According to the market women, their occupational, civic, and gendered work served society and earned them the right to make claims on the state in return. The Dames’ notion of citizenship thus included gendered components but did not take gender as its cornerstone. Finally, the introduction describes the sources used to tap into the Dames’ world.

Libertarians I

Just Property ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 58-80
Author(s):  
Christopher Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
Robert Nozick ◽  
Personal Freedom ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Milton Friedman ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
Friedrich Hayek

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by libertarianism. I explore the ways in which the forerunners of contemporary libertarianism came to justify a regime of minimally constrained individual private property, (often) grounded in natural rights and instantiating the maximum of personal freedom. Key thinkers in this respect are Herbert Spencer, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, and Friedrich Hayek. Murray Rothbard is a figure who belongs more unambiguously to modern libertarianism. The chapter ends with a substantial discussion of the debate that has surrounded the work of Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State and Utopia. I suggest that Nozick is a much more ambivalent figure for libertarianism than is usually supposed.

A Response to Nicholas Gane’s ‘The Emergence of Neoliberalism’

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Davies
Keyword(s):  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
The State ◽  
Early History ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
History Of Economics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Von Mises

This commentary responds to Nicholas Gane’s article on the early history of neoliberalism. Gane contends that many histories, Foucault’s in particular, do not account for the very earliest period of neoliberal thought, during the 1920s, which was dominated by Ludwig von Mises. Gane also argues that by ignoring this period, critical scholars have misidentified the critical distantiation from John Stuart Mill that was definitive for early neoliberalism. In response to Gane, this piece argues, partly in defence of Foucault, that the key moments in the history of neoliberalism (and liberalism) concern the penetration of economic rationalities into the state. Hence, while the history of economics has intrinsic merits, figures such as Mill may be less significant for the shaping of political rationalities.

Why are There No Austrian Socialists? Ideology, Science and the Austrian School

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Boettke
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
New York University ◽  
City College ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
Grove City

The Austrian School of Economics has long been branded as a sort of radical laissez-faire wing within the economics profession, even much more “right-wing,” in fact, than Milton Friedman, the profession;'s most recognized “preacher” of the free-market. The economic journalist Alfred Malabre, Jr., for example, in his recent critical book on modern economics, Lost Prophets, argues that “the monetarism that Friedman and his followers were preaching was not quite as conservative as advertised. In fact, the University of Chicago professor was treading not far from the middle of the economic road, flanked on the left by the likes of Galbraith and Leontief and on the right by Hayek, along with such other Austrian-school luminaries as Hans Sennholz, chairman of the economics department at Grove City College in western Pennsylvania, and Ludwig von Mises, transplanted from Austria and finishing out a distinguished academic and writing career at New York University” (Malabre 1994, p. 144).

scholarly journals Spontaneous Order Versus Central Planning: A comparison of MICHAEL POLANYI & F.A. VON HAYEK

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-215
Author(s):  
Patrick Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Central Planning ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Michael Polanyi ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Carl Menger ◽  
Von Mises

This paper evaluates and compares the main philosophic and economic thoughts of the two great liberal minds Michael Polanyi and Friedrich A. von Hayek in regards to the concept of a ‘spontaneous order’. In several of their books and papers, both Michal Polanyi (1941, 1948, 1951) and F.A. von Hayek (1944, 1945, 1964, 1973) strongly emphasised on the impossibility of socialism and the superiority of a free market versus public interventionism. Both highlighted their conviction that central planning cannot be more efficient than a spontaneous order, since knowledge is dispersed (Hayek) and tacit (Polanyi). Although both shared very similar concerns in regards to economic matters, they did not always come to the same conclusions. Thus, also the differences between Polanyi’s and Hayek’s concepts will be discussed, such as Polanyi’s emphasis on defending subsystems as the basic units of society, and his focus on maximizing “public freedom”. Both came to different conclusions in regards to the institutional character of science, and even concluded somewhat differently on the character of knowledge. Most importantly, they developed different concepts on political economy and the ideal role of the State. Moreover, this paper will consider the impact of M. Polanyi on the concept of polycentricity and on the ideas of Elinor Ostrom, while also referring to the different understanding of the role of the State in the ideas of F.A. Hayek compared to other Austrian School economists, such as Murray N. Rothbard. In addition, the paper pretends to historically analyse the emergence of the term ‘spontaneous order’, showing that it is not the product of one mind’s design, but the consequence of the thoughts of several great minds, such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, F.A. von Hayek, Michael Polanyi, Walter Eucken, and Wilhelm Röpke. Keywords: liberalism, libertarianism, capitalism, Austrian school of economics, interventionism, collectivism, spontaneous order, dynamic efficiency, free market economy, polycentricity, catallactics, extended order, tacit knowledge, dispersed knowledge, F.A. Hayek, Michael Polanyi JEL Classification: A12, B10, B13, B25, H10, H40, K11, P10, P14, P16, P26, P48, P51 Resumen: Este artículo evalúa y compara los principales pensamientos económicos y filosóficos de las dos grandes mentes liberales Michael Polanyi y Friedrich A. von Hayek con respecto al concepto del orden espontáneo. En sus obras principales, tanto Michael Polanyi (1941, 1948, 1951) como F.A. von Hayek (1944, 1945, 1964, 1973) destacaron fuertemente la imposibilidad del socialismo y la superioridad de un mercado libre versus el intervencionismo público. Ambos estaban convencidos de que la planificación central no puede ser más eficiente que un orden espontáneo, ya que el conocimiento es disperso (Hayek) y tácito (Polanyi). Aunque ambos compartían preocupaciones muy similares con respecto a los asuntos económicos, no siempre llegaron a las mismas conclusiones. Por lo tanto, también se discutirán las diferencias entre los conceptos de Polanyi y Hayek, como el énfasis de Polanyi en defender los sub-sistemas como unidades básicas de la sociedad y su enfoque en maximizar la “libertad pública”. Ambos llegaron a conclusiones diferentes con respecto al carácter institucional de la ciencia y al carácter del conocimiento. Además, este artículo considerará sus diferentes conceptos sobre economía política y el papel ideal del Estado, y analiza el impacto de M. Polanyi en el concepto de policentrismo y en las ideas de Elinor Ostrom. Por otra parte, el artículo pretende analizar históricamente la aparición del término “orden espontáneo”, mostrando que no es producto del diseño de una sola mente, sino la consecuencia de los pensamientos de varias grandes mentes, como Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, FA von Hayek, Michael Polanyi, Walter Eucken y Wilhelm Röpke. Palabras clave: liberalismo, libertarismo, capitalismo, escuela austriaca de economía, intervencionismo, colectivismo, orden espontáneo, eficiencia dinámica, economía de libre mercado, policentrismo, orden extendido, conocimiento tácito, conocimiento disperso, F.A. Hayek, Michael Polanyi Clasificación JEL: A12, B10, B13, B25, H10, H40, K11, P10, P14, P16, P26, P48, P51

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