Tight or Loose Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Command Economy ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

This chapter examines the second dilemma in the design of governance strategies, which relates to strictness of control. Leaders must choose whether to monitor and regulate behavior loosely or intensively. This is certainly true with regard to control of the everyday conduct of citizens through surveillance and policing. A similar choice must be made in the economic sphere, between a command economy and free markets. And the dilemma arises again within the apparatus of the state itself. For example, central government must decide whether to exercise more or less supervision over lower levels of government. Moreover, within each level of government, political leaders must decide whether to give more or less autonomy to bureaucrats charged with implementing their policies. In all of these contexts, similar calculations about the right measure of control must be made.

Biocorrosion research: Are we barking up the right trees?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Curt Flemming ◽  
Brenda Little ◽  
Dan Blackwood ◽  
Jamie Hinks ◽  
Federico Lauro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
The State ◽  
Microbially Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Science ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Made In

<p>Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), is acknowledged to be the direct cause of catastrophic corrosion failures, with damages ranging to many billions of US$. In spite of extensive research and numerous publications, fundamental questions still remain unanswered. In 1993, J.F.D. Stott published a review paper in Corrosion Science, entitled “What progress in the understanding of microbially influenced corrosion has been made in the last 25 years?“ He concluded, “The most commonly asked question about MIC is: what will be the expected corrosion rate of material x in an environment where aggressive microorganisms proliferate?... For many materials we can no more answer this question now than we could 25 years ago.” Now, over 50 years later, that question is still open. Current MIC research does not provide data related to detection and verification in the field, diagnosing, modelling or prediction. Laboratory experiments seldom attempt to recreate relevant natural or industrial electrolytes. A sober, solution-oriented contemplation of the state-of-art and acknowledgement of the substantial deficiencies in our understanding may help shift MIC research into a direction which could actually produce useful answers.</p>

scholarly journals Public and Social Interest in Journalistic Activity

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Dobrochna Ossowska-Salamonowicz
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
The State ◽  
Freedom Of The Press ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Access

Freedom of the press is one of the best ways of reflecting and shaping public opinion about the ideas and attitudes of political leaders, public figures or those entrusted with public functions. Freedom of the press is also an opportunity to depict reprehensible phenomena such as corruption, fraud, crime or nepotism. The press may be faced with types of subjects that may cause dilemmas for the journalist. Whose interest should above all be represented: the interest of the society or the state? What is more important: the right to privacy or the right of access to information?

Bringing Machiavelli and Kant Back in on Morality and World Politics

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-307
Author(s):  
Pavan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Perpetual Peace ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

This article is an attempt to understand the idea of morality in two of the most influential philosophers Niccolo Machiavelli ( The Prince and Discourses) and Immanuel Kant ( Perpetual Peace and Metaphysical Elements of Justice). Machiavelli and Kant are chosen because both of them are the most cherished philosophers in their fields. Machiavelli’s name is associated with realism, and he got a bad name because of his alleged cruel advice to maintain the state. His name is equalled with cunningness, murder, treachery. On the other hand, Kant is the founding figure of idealism in politics. His focus on categorical imperative and human capabilities to attain the higher moral goals made him one of the most well-known philosophers on idealism. To understand the ethical problems of the day emphasis is given to the classic writings of scholars who have written extensively on morality, justice, state, power, human rights and individual freedom. This article is an attempt to answer the following questions: Is the state in itself a highest moral actor? Can there be an individual morality above the state? What should be the yardstick to judge an act—the act in itself or the outcome of the act? What are the duties and rights of the individual in domestic society and can there be a similarity of morality at the level of political leaders in international politics? The paper argues that both Machiavelli and Kant were dealing with different contexts and societies, and morality for them had different meanings. However, the end justifies the means dictum is not the right way to understand Machiavelli on morality.

scholarly journals A Brief Study on the Imposition of Mizoram Under President’s Rule

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
R. Vanlalhmangaihsanga
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Executive Authority ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Right ◽  
Union Territory ◽  
Do So ◽  
Union Government

Under Article 356 of the constitution of India, Union Government has the right to cease the executive authority of a state and impose it under President’s Rule. However, the President’s Rule is usually exercised only when the administration of the state cannot function properly according to the provision given in the Constitution of India. When a state is imposed under President’s Rule, the Governor will have authority over the state administration and he will do so under the provision of the central government. Mizoram has also been imposed under President’s Rule thrice. The first two times was during the period in which Mizoram was a Union Territory and the third time was after it attains statehood.

scholarly journals Making Time for Critique: Canadian ‘Right to Shelter’ Debates in a Chrono-Political Frame

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 88-116
Author(s):  
Mark Zion
Keyword(s):  
Homeless People ◽  
The State ◽  
Emergency Protection ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
The Law ◽  
Court Orders ◽  
The Right ◽  
Feasible Action ◽  
Made In

This article engages with Canadian ‘right to shelter’ discourse, with a focus on shared assumptions that do crucial work but are sometimes unstated. It offers a ‘chrono-political’ framework to organize various claims made in the courtroom, in legal academic commentary, and by homeless people themselves. People sleeping outdoors have had noteworthy success in court, preventing immediate bodily peril. However, the ‘emergency’ temporality in those cases ultimately offers a limited politics. The author evaluates proposals from legal academics who therefore prescribe court orders that aim to transcend emergency protection: the state ought proactively to provide some minimal level of shelter to everyone, thereby conjoining the emergency temporality with a longer term ‘progressive’ temporality. However, it is argued that these proposals insufficiently formulate how judges understand their institutional role and the extent to which courtroom doctrine can redirect wider neoliberal trends. Regulative assumptions about ‘gradual improvement’ in the law must themselves be interrogated. As an antipode for the courtroom emergency temporality, a ‘dissensual’ temporality is explored, not as a ‘solution,’ but as an already operant politics, one not previously explored in legal academic commentary on the ‘right to shelter.’ Never to be romanticized, the tent city is nonetheless seen to enact what Jacques Rancière terms ‘dissensus,’ in which participants stage their equality in a way that calls into question the existing arrangement of political intelligibility. Amidst present constraints, dissensus discloses an expansive nonlinear temporality that channels egalitarian predecessors, taking feasible action in the present and attempting to prefigure a more equal future dwelling arrangement.

scholarly journals La secesión como solución al problema del estado. el caso de cataluña

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Franch Parella
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Von Mises ◽  
The Right

Classical liberalism has failed to limit the growth of the State. The right to self-determination, a principle supported by Ludwig von Mises, is the last mechanism to save the natural order based on liberty and private property. State dysfunctions in current Spain are stark, with Catalonia that cannot fit in the state structure. In recent years, the Catalan secessionist movement has gained new impetus. Galvanized by the civil society, the Catalan government claims sover­ eignty, but the central government consistently opposes. The economic crisis is added to the general deterioration of the public administration and the institution­ al corruption. Given this historical juncture, this article analyzes the current situa­ tion of Catalonia within Spain, traces its historical evolution according to Hoppe’s theory and proposes the mechanism to overcome the anachronistic nation-state, evolving to a social order based on private property and free market. Key words: Spain, Catalonia, State, Secession, Democracy. JEL Classification: H1. Resumen: El liberalismo clásico no ha conseguido limitar el crecimiento del Esta­ do. El derecho de autodeterminación, un principio defendido por Ludwig von Mises, es el mecanismo último para salvar el orden natural basado en la libertad y la propiedad privada. Las disfunciones del Estado se manifiestan actualmente en España, donde Cataluña no encuentra un encaje satisfactorio. En los últimos años, el movimiento secesionista catalán ha ganado renovado ímpetu. Galvani­ zado por la sociedad civil, el gobierno de la Generalitat de Catalunya reclama una soberanía a la que el gobierno central se opone sistemáticamente. A la crisis económica se le añade la corrupción institucional. Ante esta encrucijada históri­ ca, el presente artículo analiza la situación actual de Cataluña dentro del Estado español, traza su evolución histórica según la teoría de Hoppe y propone los mecanismos necesarios para superar el anacrónico estado- nación, evolucionan­ do hacia un orden social basado en la propiedad privada y el libre mercado. Palabras clave: España, Cataluña, Estado, Secesión, Democracia. Clasificación JEL: H1.

Neoliberal Urbanity and the Right to Housing of the Urban Poor in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-230
Author(s):  
Lutfun Nahar Lata
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
National Constitution ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

In Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh with a population of 18 million, nearly one-third are living under the threat of eviction without resettlement due to lack of tenure security. This occurs despite the Bangladesh government’s ratification of multiple international conventions as well as provisions within the national Constitution with regard to people’s rights. Within this context, drawing on Lefebvre’s theorization of space and using the right to the city (RTC) framework, this article explores the urban poor’s right to housing in the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Findings suggest that the local and central government officials categorize slum dwellers as encroachers and criminals, who pose a direct threat to an orderly, clean and green city. Hence, they cannot be allowed to exist in the city. Additionally, the state has shifted the development of land and housing markets to real estate developers, following a neoliberal economic model. Consequently, a few powerful developers control Dhaka’s land and housing markets, only supplying housing for the growing middle class. Access to these houses is far beyond poor people’s reach. Thus, the urban poor’s housing rights are denied both by the state and by the market in Dhaka.

Out-of-Country Voting: Learning from Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adhy Aman ◽  
Mette Bakken
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The Core ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Right ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Made In

The right to cast a vote in democratic elections stands at the core of people’s political rights. However, for citizens residing abroad the issue is less straightforward. Should people that have made a choice to live in another country still have voting rights in their country of origin? If so, should the state be responsible for facilitating their vote from abroad—or should citizens simply have the option of returning to exercise their right? Countries embarking on introducing out-of-country voting (OCV) may benefit from the experiences made in countries where voting from abroad is available. This report presents practical examples from different countries and highlights key issues to be considered before introducing out-of-country voting measures.

scholarly journals HAK ULAYAT MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DAN HAK MENGUASAI NEGARA DI TAMAN NASIONAL RAWA AOPA WATUMOHAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Sahrina Safiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Empirical Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractCommunal right cannot implemented even legality of that was recognized. This research want to know the concept and implentation of arrangement about relationship of communal right and the right of controlling of the state in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park. This research is an empirical law. The results are Firstly, concepts regulation of relations communal rights of indigenous people and to the right control of the state contained in Article 33 paragraph (3) NRI 1945 Constitution. Secondly, to implementing the right still have to wait stipulation from the National Parks in this case related to the central government as the implementing authority. IntisariHak ulayat tidak selalu dapat diimplementasikan meskipun memiliki dasar pengakuan hukum. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui konsep pengaturan dan implementasi dari hubungan antara hak ulayat dengan hak menguasai Negara di Taman Nasional Rawa Aopa Watunohai. Penelitian ini penelitian hukum empiris. Hasil penelitian adalah pertama, konsep pengaturan hak ulayat dan hak menguasai negara diatur Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945. Kedua, implementasi hak ulayat ditentukan pihak Taman Nasional terkait dengan pemerintah pusat sebagai pelaksana wewenang/kekuasaan dari negara.

Metodologi Pengeluaran Fatwa di Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Mohd Faez Mohd Shah ◽  
Norhidayah Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
The Right

In the discipline of Islamic law research, strong proofing and clear Istinbat method are key pillars in the construction of Islamic law based on the application of the science of usul al-fiqh and maqasid al-shari'ah. However, what happens at the state of Johor’s fatwa institution is the opposite. The fatwa research methods applied by the Fatwa Committee of Johor in resolving current fatwa issues is not based on the right and true discipline of Islamic law research. In fact, current inputs related to fatwa issues are not explicitly stated in the method of determining the law either in the form of reality or scientifically verified. Therefore, this paper will discuss the fatwa procedures undertaken by the Fatwa Committee of Johor based on the methods applied in resolving current issues. The research methodology adopted is library and interview methods. This study shows that fatwa management and production in the state of Johor is placed under the jurisdiction of the Mufti of Johor’s Department. The methods adopted by the Fatwa Committee of Johor covers two methods, namely: internal research methods including literature review through the application of original source and proofs based on syarak. Second: field research method that includes an external review or going to the location of study such as conducting observation, questionnaires and interviews including referrals to specialists of different fields. Maslahah and mafsdah consideration are also implemented by the Fatwa Committee in every fatwa decision based on the standard that meets the interests of maqasid al-shari'ah. Keywords: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah ABSTRAK Dalam disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam, kekuatan pendalilan dan kaedah istinbat yang jelas merupakan tunggak utama dalam pembinaan hukum Islam berasaskan kepada aplikasi ilmu usul al-fiqh dan maqasid al-shari’ah. Namun begitu, apa yang berlaku di institusi fatwa negeri Johor adalah sebaliknya. Kaedah penyelidikan fatwa yang diaplikasi oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor dalam menyelesaikan isu fatwa semasa tidak berasaskan kepada disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam yang tepat dan sebenar. Malahan input-input semasa yang berkaitan dengan isu fatwa juga tidak dinyatakan secara jelas dalam kaedah penentuan hukum sama ada dalam bentuk realiti yang berlaku atau pembuktian secara saintifik. Justeru, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan prosedur fatwa Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor berdasarkan metode-metode yang diaplikasi dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu yang bersifat semasa. Metodologi kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah melalui metode perpustakaan dan metode lapangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurusan dan pengeluaran fatwa di negeri Johor hanya terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan Mufti Johor. Metode fatwa yang diamalkan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor merangkumi dua metode iaitu pertama, kaedah penyelidikan dalaman yang merangkumi kajian kepustakaan menerusi pengaplikasian dari sumber asas dan dalil-dalil syarak. Kedua, kaedah penyelidikan lapangan yang meliputi kajian luaran atau turun ke lokasi kajian seperti observasi, soal selidik dan temubual dan rujukan kepada pakar dalam bidang yang berlainan. Pertimbangan maslahah dan mafsdah juga dimplementasikan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa dalam setiap keputusan fatwanya berasaskan standard yang menepati kepentingan maqasid al-shari’ah. Kata kunci: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah

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