Intriguing Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of IERs: A Mini Review

Ion exchange resins (IERs) are solid poly-electrolytes which have both sorption and exchange capacity of several organic compounds. They have the power to separate ionic and non-ionic substances with the surrounding medium. The drug materials or substances are adsorbed on resin, which is commonly known as resinate, these features of IERs have useful applications in pharmaceutical formation (i.e., taste masking, stability and solubility enhancement, etc.) and major applications in drug delivery (i.e., oral, nasal, ophthalmic, transdarmal drug delivery). IE principles have been exploited in the investigation of numerous drug industry problems for many years. Synthetic IERs have been extensively employed in pharmacy and medicine, especially for taste masking or controlled release of drugs and have been expansively studied in the development of novel drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications. In this review, the fascinating IERs involving ion exchange processes in pharmaceutical and clinical applications and also their recent advanced uses have been discussed.

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Applications of Ion Exchange Resin in Oral Drug Delivery Systems

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v7i03.9556 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Kathpalia Harsha ◽

Das Sukanya

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Oral Drug Delivery ◽

Physical Stability ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Oral Drug ◽

Ion Exchange Resins ◽

Exchange Resins ◽

Oral Drug Delivery Systems

Ion Exchange Resins (IER) are insoluble polymers having styrene divinylbenzene copolymer backbone that contain acidic or basic functional groups and have the ability to exchange counter ions with the surrounding aqueous solutions. From the past many years they have been widely used for purification and softening of water and in chromatographic columns, however recently their use in pharmaceutical industry has gained considerable importance. Due to the physical stability and inert nature of the resins, they can be used as a versatile vehicle to design several modified release dosage forms The ionizable drug is complexed with the resin owing to the property of ion exchange. This resin complex dissociatesin vivo to release the drug. Based on the dissociation strength of the drug from the drug resin complex, various release patterns can be achieved. Many formulation glitches can be circumvented using ion exchange resins such as bitter taste and deliquescence. These resins also aid in enhancing disintegrationand stability of formulation. This review focuses on different types of ion exchange resins, their preparation methods, chemistry, properties, incompatibilities and their application in various oral drug delivery systems as well as highlighting their use as therapeutic agents.

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Drug-Delivery by Ion-Exchange: Part IIII: Interaction of Ester Pro-Drugs of Propranolol with Cationic Exchange Resins

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy ◽

10.3109/03639048709068706 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 13 (9-11) ◽

pp. 2047-2066 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

W. J. Irwin ◽

K. A. Belaid ◽

H. O. Alpar

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Cationic Exchange ◽

Exchange Resins

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Ion Exchange Resins as Excipients for Drug Delivery: Issues for Reproducible Drug Loading

The Open Drug Delivery Journal ◽

10.2174/1874126600701010060 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Zeiss ◽

Annette Bauer-Brandl

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Ion Exchange Resins ◽

Exchange Resins

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PLGA – THE SMART POLYMER FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Pharmacy & Pharmacology ◽

10.19163/2307-9266-2021-9-5-334-345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 334-345

Author(s):

N. Surya ◽

S. Bhattacharyya

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Biodegradable Polymers ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Smart Polymer ◽

Novel Drug

Polymers have become an integral part of novel drug delivery system. One such successful biodegradable polymer is poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) which consists of polyesters of lactic acid and glycolic acid. It is one of the FDA-approved biodegradable polymers which is extensively used for therapeutic purposes in recent times.The aim. To illuminate researchers on the chemistry, novel properties and applications of PLGA in pharmaceutical fields.Materials and methods. Various internet sources like Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and google scholar were used as the data source. The key words search was carried out for the following words and combinations: PLGA, Novel drug delivery, PLGA Nano particles, biomedical applications of PLGA.Results. Pharmaceutical and biomedical industries are flooded with the use of synthetic and natural polymers. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the polymers make them suitable for the temporal and spatial delivery of therapeutic agents for an extended period. Employment of copolymerization techniques lead to the modification of water solubility of the polymers and make them suitable for various applications of drug delivery systems. Biodegradable polymers due to their biocompatibility and biodegradable property have attracted their use in novel drug delivery systems. PLGA is one of them. PLGA is versatile as it can be fabricated into any size, shape, and can be used to encapsulate small molecules, tissue engineering, and bone repair, etc.Conclusion. The sensitivity and biodegradability of PLGA makes it a smart polymer for targeted and sustained delivery of drugs and in various biomedical applications.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Polysorbate/Ironmolybdophosphate Nanocomposite: Ion Exchange Properties and pH-responsive Drug Carrier System for Methylcobalamin

Current Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573411014666180727144746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 138-148

Author(s):

Gaurav Sharma ◽

Amit Kumar ◽

Inamuddin ◽

Mansi Sood ◽

Abdullah M. Asiri

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Drug Release ◽

Sodium Nitrate ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Ion Exchange Capacity ◽

Co Precipitation

Background: Nanocomposites are of great interest due to their competency to show multifunctional properties. They have been recently given much attention due to their credibility to offer the synergistic feature of organic material with those of inorganic constituents. Different types of nanocomposites have been prepared to date and are being used for different applications. The delivery of drugs in the human body at a particular site was one of the major problems in the medicinal field. The nanocomposite formulations can be used to provide controlled release and they can be combined with ligands for targeted drug delivery. Applications of the nanocomposites as ion exchangers are also increasing at a faster rate. Due to this, they help in the softening of the water. They can also be easily recharged by washing them with a solution containing a high concentration of sodium ions. In the present paper, we have worked on the synthesis and applications of the polysorbate/ironmolybdophosphate (PS/FMP) nanocomposite. Methods: Polysorbate/ironmolybdophosphate (PS/FMPS) was synthesized by co-precipitation method in the presence of polysorbate. The material was well characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (FTIR) scanning transmission microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Physicochemical properties of material were studied in detail. Drug delivery behavior of polysorbate/ironmolybdophosphate was investigated by using methylcobalamin as a test drug. Results: The polysorbate/ironmolybdophosphate nanocomposite show enhanced Na+ ion exchange capacity of 2.1 meq/g. It has been revealed that PS/FMP nanocomposite was thermally stable as it retained the ion exchange capacity of 40.4 % at 400°C. An optimum concentration of sodium nitrate (eluent) was found to be 1.0 M for the complete removal of H+ ions from the PS/FMP column. The optimum volume of sodium nitrate (eluent) was found to be 230 mL. The FTIR spectra showed the changes in intensities of characteristic peaks in PS/FMP and in drug loaded on PS/FMP nanocomposite. The characteristic peak at 1043-1061 cm-1 was observed for ionic phosphate stretching, 560-567 cm-1 for iron group and 959 cm-1 due to molybdate present in the material. The additional peak at 3390 cm-1 and 1711 cm-1 were due to -OH and C=O stretching due to the presence of these groups in the structure of polysorbate. The peak present at 430 cm-1 might be due to the presence of Co-O stretching of methylcobalamin. The XRD results confirmed the semicrystalline structure of FMP and PS/FMP. Scanning electron micrographs results revealed the beaded surface of FMP changes to fibrous surface in case of PS/FMP nanocomposite. The TEM images indicate the appearance of smooth surfactant layer on the surface of FMP. The size of the nanocomposite is between 10- 70 nm. The drug loading efficiency and encapsulation efficiency were found to be 35.2%. and 60.4%, respectively. The cumulative drug release of methylcobalamin was studied for the PS/FMP nanocomposite. The order of drug release was found to be pH 9.4 (54.6%) > pH 7.4 (46.4%) > saline (pH 5.7) (36.2%) > pH 2.2 (33.9%). The release at pH 9.4 was higher. As the pH of medium changes from acidic to basic i.e. 2.2 - 9.4, there is an appreciable increase in drug release from the PS/FMP nanocomposite due to the presence of more OH- ions resulting in neutralization of cationic nanocomposite and thus increasing the rate of drug release by ion exchange process and matrix deterioration. : The novel nanocomposite PS/FMP has been synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. The increase in Na+ ion exchange capacity for nanocomposite is due to the binding of organic part (Polysorbate) with inorganic ironmolybdophosphate. The physiochemical properties of PS/FMP were found to be superior. Fourier transform infrared spectra of PS/FMP and drug loaded PS/FMP confirmed the formation of materials. The SEM results indicated the surface of synthesized FMP is bead-like appearance whereas the beaded surface of FMP changes to fibrous surface on the addition of polysorbate thus indicated the fabrication of nanocomposite. The cumulative drug release of methylcobalamin was studied and the order of drug release was found to be pH 9.4 > pH 7.4 > saline (pH 5.7) > pH 2.2. Thus PS/FMP is a promising multifunctional nanocomposite.

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Nanofibrous Substrate For Tissue Engineering Applications—A Review

AATCC Journal of Research ◽

10.14504/ajr.8.6.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 13-21

Author(s):

Odia Osemwegie ◽

Lihua Lou ◽

Ernest Smith ◽

Seshadri Ramkumar

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cell Culture ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

High Volume ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Engineering Applications

Nanofiber substrates have been used for various biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and in-vitro cell culture. However, despite the high volume of studies in this field, current clinical applications remain minimal. Innovations for their applications continuously generate exciting prospects. In this review, we discuss some of these novel innovations and identify critical factors to consider before their adoption for biomedical applications.

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The Use of Ion Exchange in the Recovery of Vanadium from the Mass of a Spent Catalyst Used in the Oxidation of SO2 to SO3

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2014-0032 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 69-73

Author(s):

Sebastian Drużyński ◽

Krzysztof Mazurek ◽

Katarzyna Białowicz

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Breakthrough Curves ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Ion Exchange Resins ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Spent Catalyst ◽

Ion Exchange Capacity ◽

Vanadium Iron ◽

Main Components ◽

Exchange Resins

Abstract In the studies on the recovery of vanadium from vanadium catalyst extracts, three types of polymer strongly acidic ion exchangers were used. The ion exchange resins differed in terms of granularity and their ion exchange capacity. As a result, breakthrough curves were made for three main components of the test extract, i.e.: ions of vanadium, iron and potassium. On this basis the optimum conditions for the removal of iron ions from the solution were defined and the technological concept of the process in the semi-technical scale was proposed.

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