Fungal infections in HIV/ADS population: A review of epidemiology, diagnose and treatment options

2021 ◽  
Vol 08.en ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options

scholarly journals Post-Translational Modifications Drive Success and Failure of Fungal–Host Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Charmaine Retanal ◽  
Brianna Ball ◽  
Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Fungal Host ◽  
Resistant Species

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) change the structure and function of proteins and regulate a diverse array of biological processes. Fungal pathogens rely on PTMs to modulate protein production and activity during infection, manipulate the host response, and ultimately, promote fungal survival. Given the high mortality rates of fungal infections on a global scale, along with the emergence of antifungal-resistant species, identifying new treatment options is critical. In this review, we focus on the role of PTMs (e.g., phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and methylation) among the highly prevalent and medically relevant fungal pathogens, Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cryptococcus spp. We explore the role of PTMs in fungal stress response and host adaptation, the use of PTMs to manipulate host cells and the immune system upon fungal invasion, and the importance of PTMs in conferring antifungal resistance. We also provide a critical view on the current knowledgebase, pose questions key to our understanding of the intricate roles of PTMs within fungal pathogens, and provide research opportunities to uncover new therapeutic strategies.

Skin Infections

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan V. Hirschmann
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Tinea Pedis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Fournier Gangrene ◽  
Tinea Versicolor

The skin can become infected by viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including some that ordinarily are harmless colonizing organisms. The most common fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which can involve the hair, nails, and skin. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of specimens from affected areas typically demonstrate hyphae, and either topical or systemic antifungal therapy usually cures or controls the process. The most common bacterial pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, which, alone or together, can cause a wide variety of disorders, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis. Topical antibiotics may suffice for impetigo, but ecthyma and cellulitis require systemic treatment. S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, can also cause furuncles, carbuncles, and cutaneous abscesses. For these infections, incision and drainage without antibiotics are usually curative. Warts are the most common cutaneous viral infection, and eradication can be difficult, especially where the skin is thick, such as the palms and soles, or the patient is immunocompromised. Most therapies consist of trying to destroy the viruses by mechanical, chemical, or immune mechanisms. This review covers dermatophyte infections, yeast infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections of the skin. Figures show the classic annular lesion of tinea corporis, a typical kerion presenting as a zoophilic Microsporum canis infection of the scalp (tinea capitis), tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis between and under the toes and on the plantar surface, inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea manuum, angular cheilitis, prominent satellite lesions of discrete vesicles associated with candidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema and edema on the cheeks, eyelids, and nose, furuncle, carbuncle, nasal folliculitis, pitted keratolysis, trichomycosis axillaris, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, folliculitis, plantar wart, condyloma acuminatum, and benign lesions of bowenoid papulosis. Tables list dermatophyte species, terminology of dermatophyte infections, topical agents for dermatophyte infections, treatment options for impetigo (adult doses), and treatment options for erythrasma.   This review contains 28 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 33 references

Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Infections of the Skin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan V. Hirschmann
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tinea Pedis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Tinea Versicolor

The skin can become infected by viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including some that ordinarily are harmless colonizing organisms. The most common fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which can involve the hair, nails, and skin. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of specimens from affected areas typically demonstrate hyphae, and either topical or systemic antifungal therapy usually cures or controls the process. The most common bacterial pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, which, alone or together, can cause a wide variety of disorders, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis. Topical antibiotics may suffice for impetigo, but ecthyma and cellulitis require systemic treatment. S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, can also cause furuncles, carbuncles, and cutaneous abscesses. For these infections, incision and drainage without antibiotics are usually curative. Warts are the most common cutaneous viral infection, and eradication can be difficult, especially where the skin is thick, such as the palms and soles, or the patient is immunocompromised. Most therapies consist of trying to destroy the viruses by mechanical, chemical, or immune mechanisms. This review covers dermatophyte infections, yeast infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections of the skin. Figures show the classic annular lesion of tinea corporis, a typical kerion presenting as a zoophilic Microsporum canis infection of the scalp (tinea capitis), tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis between and under the toes and on the plantar surface, inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea manuum, angular cheilitis, prominent satellite lesions of discrete vesicles associated with candidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema and edema on the cheeks, eyelids, and nose, furuncle, carbuncle, nasal folliculitis, pitted keratolysis, trichomycosis axillaris, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, folliculitis, plantar wart, condyloma acuminatum, and benign lesions of bowenoid papulosis. Tables list dermatophyte species, terminology of dermatophyte infections, topical agents for dermatophyte infections, treatment options for impetigo (adult doses), and treatment options for erythrasma.   This review contains 29 figures, 5 tables, and 33 references. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant strains, furuncles, carbuncles, cutaneous abscesses, dermatophytes, zoophilic Microsporum canis, andidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema

Cost of Invasive Fungal Infections in the Era of New Diagnostics and Expanded Treatment Options

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 890-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Dodds Ashley ◽  
Richard Drew ◽  
Melissa Johnson ◽  
Robert Danna ◽  
Dominika Dabrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections

scholarly journals In VitroandIn VivoEvaluation of APX001A/APX001 and Other Gwt1 Inhibitors againstCryptococcus

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Joy Shaw ◽  
Wiley A. Schell ◽  
Jonathan Covel ◽  
Gisele Duboc ◽  
C. Giamberardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Current Therapies

ABSTRACTCryptococcal meningitis (CM), caused primarily byCryptococcus neoformans, is uniformly fatal if not treated. Treatment options are limited, especially in resource-poor geographical regions, and mortality rates remain high despite current therapies. Here we evaluated thein vitroandin vivoactivity of several compounds, including APX001A and its prodrug, APX001, currently in clinical development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. These compounds target the conserved Gwt1 enzyme that is required for the localization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall mannoproteins in fungi. The Gwt1 inhibitors had low MIC values, ranging from 0.004 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml, against bothC. neoformansandC. gattii. APX001A and APX2020 demonstratedin vitrosynergy with fluconazole (fractional inhibitory concentration index, 0.37 for both). In a CM model, APX001 and fluconazole each alone reduced the fungal burden in brain tissue (0.78 and 1.04 log10CFU/g, respectively), whereas the combination resulted in a reduction of 3.52 log10CFU/g brain tissue. Efficacy, as measured by a reduction in the brain and lung tissue fungal burden, was also observed for another Gwt1 inhibitor prodrug, APX2096, where dose-dependent reductions in the fungal burden ranged from 5.91 to 1.79 log10CFU/g lung tissue and from 7.00 and 0.92 log10CFU/g brain tissue, representing the nearly complete or complete sterilization of lung and brain tissue at the higher doses. These data support the further clinical evaluation of this new class of antifungal agents for the treatment of CM.

Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Armstrong James ◽  
Anand Shah ◽  
Anna Reed
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Solid Organ

Fungal infections are a significant and life-threatening complication of organ transplantation, on a global scale. Risk varies according to transplant type, with liver, lung, and small bowel transplant recipients being at particular risk. Whilst invasive candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in organ transplantation overall, aspergillosis is a particular problem in lung transplantation. In addition, a wide spectrum of fungi may cause invasive disease in organ transplantation, consequently diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Key challenges are to understand individual risk for infection, appropriate prophylactic strategies, and molecular diagnostic approaches. Treatment options are complicated by drug–drug interactions with transplant therapy, as well as intrinsic allograft dysfunction seen in many patients. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of fungal infections in solid organ transplantation.

Fungal Infections in COVID-19-Positive Patients: A Lack of Optimal Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 1951-1957
Author(s):  
Laura Nunes Silva ◽  
Thaís Pereira de Mello ◽  
Lívia de Souza Ramos ◽  
Marta Helena Branquinha ◽  
Maryam Roudbary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Optimal Treatment

Infections

2019 ◽  
pp. 995-1002
Author(s):  
Scott D. Oates
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Surgical Intervention

Because of their exposed nature during human activities, infections of the hand are common. The anatomy of the hand and fingers also lends itself to unique types of infections that do not occur in other areas of the body, such as paronychia, felons, and fungal infections. Because of these unique types of infections, early surgical intervention is often necessary to prevent long-term functional sequelae. This requires healthcare providers to be knowledgeable of the signs and symptoms of these distinct infections in order to effectively treat these patients. This chapter describes many common hand infections and their treatment options.

scholarly journals Discovery of Chlorogenic Acid-Based Peptidomimetics as a Novel Class of Antifungals. A Success Story in Rational Drug Design

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Daneshtalab
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Cyclic Peptides ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Rational Drug Design ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Opportunistic Fungi

Life-threatening fungal infections have increased dramatically in recent decades in immunocompromised patients. An estimated 40% of all deaths from hospital-acquired infections are due to infections caused by opportunistic fungi. The current treatment options are either causing serious toxicity, or becoming inactive against the drug-resistant fungal strains. Thus, the discovery and development of new antifungal agents that are economically feasible, have excellent therapeutic value, and address the problems of toxicity and species resistance is very important. We have recently designed and synthesized a series of chlorogenic acid-based peptidimimetics using structure-based methodology starting with cyclic peptides of the candin class of antifungals. These novel and totally synthetic compounds exhibit promising antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi with very low toxicity against brine shrimps. The possible novelty in their mechanism of action and economically feasible synthetic approach are the attractive features of this class of compounds that make them different from the already utilized antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Current Concepts of Hyperinflammation in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Rieber ◽  
Andreas Hector ◽  
Taco Kuijpers ◽  
Dirk Roos ◽  
Dominik Hartl
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Surface Redox

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common inherited disorder of phagocytic functions, caused by genetic defects in the leukocyte nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Consequently, CGD phagocytes are impaired in destroying phagocytosed microorganisms, rendering the patients susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. Besides this immunodeficiency, CGD patients suffer from various autoinflammatory symptoms, such as granuloma formation in the skin or urinary tract and Crohn-like colitis. Owing to improved antimicrobial treatment strategies, the majority of CGD patients reaches adulthood, yet the autoinflammatory manifestations become more prominent by lack of causative treatment options. The underlying pathomechanisms driving hyperinflammatory reactions in CGD are poorly understood, but recent studies implicate reduced neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis, dysbalanced innate immune receptors, altered T-cell surface redox levels, induction of Th17 cells, the enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), impaired Nrf2 activity, and inflammasome activation. Here we discuss immunological mechanisms of hyperinflammation and their potential therapeutic implications in CGD.

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