Outdoor Background Radiation Levels in Mining Locations and Major Activity Areas of Ebonyi State, South-Eastern, Nigeria and Their Radiological Impacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Sunday Elijah Igwe ◽  
Hyacienth Uche Chiegwu ◽  
Christopher Chukwuemeka Ohagwu
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Radiation Monitor ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Activity Areas

Background: Miners and the people living close to mining sites are exposed to elevated levels of ionizing radiation with or without their knowledge. This study was designed to evaluate the outdoor background radiation levels in some selected mining locations and major activity areas of Ebonyi State, South-Eastern, Nigeria and their radiological impacts. Materials and Methods: The levels of background radiation in these mining areas were estimated using a well calibrated International Medicom CRM-100 Digital Radiation Monitor (survey meter). A cross-sectional survey was adopted for this study. Based on standard method, the radiation monitor was held at a distance of 1.0 meters above the ground and three readings taken at each location and the mean recorded. The radiation dose rates were calculated. A descriptive statistic and inferential statistic were used to summarize the data using statistical package for social Sciences SPSS version 21. Results: The mean dose rate for all the mining locations studied is 0.269+0.039(µSv/hr) and OAEDR of 0.470+0.068(mSv/yr). The excess life cancer risk for adult and children are 1.645 x 10-3 and 1.175 x 10-3 in the mining areas respectively. The mean outdoor Annual Equivalent Dose Rate (OAEDR) for the mining locations of Ebonyi States was 0.470±0.068 and mean of the radiation dose values recommended by UNSCEAR (2008) was 2.4± 0.48. There was statistically significance mean difference between the mean of OAEDR and the UNCEAR recommended value (p = 0.001). Conclusion: the outdoor background radiation levels emitted from the study area are within permissible limits for the general population. Therefore there is little risk of instantaneous radiation hazard within the mining areas of Ebonyi State. Key words: Absorb dose, excess life Cancer risk, radiation hazard.

Case Study of Certification of Small Quantities of RAM: Comparison With SGQ Concept

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Abramczyk ◽  
James Shuler ◽  
Steven J. Nathan ◽  
Allen C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Photon Radiation ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Regulatory Limits

The Small Gram Quantity (SGQ) concept is based on the understanding that small amounts of hazardous materials, in this case radioactive materials, are significantly less hazardous than large amounts of the same materials. The essential functional requirements for RAM packaging are containment of the material, ensuring sub-criticality, and ensuring that the radiation hazard of the package, as represented by the radiation dose for the package, is within the regulatory limits. Knowledge of the composition of the material being shipped is also required. By placing the contents in a containment vessel which is helium leaktight, and limiting the mass so that subcriticality is ensured, the first two requirements are readily met. Some materials emit sufficiently strong photon radiation that a small amount of material can yield a large dose rate. Foreknowledge of the dose rate which will be present for a proposed content is a challenging issue for the SGQ approach. Issues associated with certification for several cases of contents which fall within the SGQ envelop are discussed.

EVALUATION OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR GAMMA EXPOSURE RATES AND EXCESS LIFE TIME CANCER RISK IN DIFFERENT CITIES OF PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
Jahan Zeb ◽  
Mohammad Wasim ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Asad Ullah ◽  
Talat Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rate ◽  
Detailed Measurement ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Azad Kashmir ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract This study presents a detailed measurement of indoor and outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation levels in different cities of Pakistan. The measurements covered dwellings in 27 cities, covering all provinces and region of Azad Kashmir. Most of the houses were of attached type, made of brick walls and concrete roofs. The measurements were made by a handheld radiation survey meter containing Geiger–Muller tube. The average absorbed dose rate in air was 100 ± 32 nGy h−1 for indoor and 74 ± 30 nGy h−1 for outdoor. The population-weighted mean terrestrial dose rates were 90 nGy h−1 for indoor and 78 nGyh−1 for outdoor. The ratio of indoor to outdoor absorbed dose rate was 1.5 as compared to 1.3 for the world average. The estimated average annual effective dose rate was 0.58 ± 0.18 mSv a−1 and the mean excess life time cancer risk was 2.0 × 10−3.

Modeling radiation dose to circulating lymphocytes during brain tumor treatment:  Effects of target volume, dose rate, and treatment technique.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2017-2017
Author(s):  
Susannah G. Yovino ◽  
Stuart A. Grossman ◽  
Lawrence Kleinberg ◽  
Eric C Ford
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Blood Pool ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Target Volumes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

2017 Background: Severe treatment-related lymphopenia (TRL) occurs in 40% of glioblastoma patients despite minimal radiation (RT) doses to bone marrow or nodal sites. In glioblastoma, TRL is associated with decreased survival. To explain the lymphopenia, we sought to estimate radiation doses received by circulating lymphocytes during partial brain RT. Methods: An in-house computer program linked to treatment planning software was used to calculate the mean radiation dose to circulating blood (DCB) and the fraction of blood receiving >0.5 Gy. The model also studied the impact of different target volumes (PTV), dose rates (DR), and delivery techniques (IMRT, 3D-CRT). Results: The mean DCB for a 60-Gy course (8-cm diameter PTV, dose rate 600 MU/minute) was 2.2 Gy. With this the entire blood pool receives a lymphotoxic dose of >0.5 Gy. DCB is correlated with fraction number, PTV size, and DR. Regardless of dose rate or delivery technique, the percent of circulating blood receiving >0.5 Gy approached 100% as the number of fractions increased. Changing dose rate had minimal effects on mean DCB (3.1Gy for 300 MU/min vs 2.2 Gy for 1200 MU/min). Smaller PTV size reduced the percent of blood receiving >0.5 Gy (15% for 2-cm diameter PTV vs 100% for 8-cm PTV). Conclusions: Standard RT for brain tumors delivers a lymphotoxic radiation dose to circulating blood. Altering dose rate may initially affect DCB, but advantages disappear over the course of 30 fractions. Marked reductions in target size appear to be the best way to avoid radiation injury to normal circulating lymphocytes. Other novel approaches are needed to limit radiation exposure to circulating lymphocytes given evidence associating lymphopenia with poorer outcomes in cancer patients.

scholarly journals Analysing radionuclide content in soil samples and radiological risks in the clayey material surrounding of the “Zbegovi” deposit, Donje Crniljevo, Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Sreten Ilic ◽  
Tatjana Golubovic ◽  
Natasa Pajic ◽  
Mirjana Djurasevic ◽  
Aleksandar Kandic
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rate ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Clayey Material ◽  
The Mean

This paper presents the results of analyses of radionuclide content in the samples of the surrounding soil and clayey material of ?Zbegovi? open-pit mine in Donje Crniljevo, Serbia. Samples from 78 sites were collected and prepared. The activity concentrations were determined for radionuclides: 238U, 232Th, 40K, 226Ra, and 137Cs. The mean values obtained are as follows: 23 Bqkg?1, 89 Bqkg?1, 372 Bqkg?1, 56 Bqkg?1, and 11 Bqkg?1, respectively. Concentrations of 238U, 40K, and 226Ra in the studied area do not deviate from the values obtained for the soil in Serbia. The concentration of 232Th in the studied area is slightly higher relative to average values for soil, and slightly lower compared to similar deposits of clayey material in the world. Measurements performed showed that the open-pit mine of clayey material is completely uncontaminated surface as far as 137Cs is concerned, while there are sites where measured 137Cs concentrations are significantly higher, which is due to topographic differences and inhomogeneous surface contamination of land after the Chernobyl accident. To assess the radiological risks in the observed area, the following indices were determined: absorbed dose rate, annual outdoor effective dose, absorbed dose for biota, excess lifetime cancer risk outdoors as well as external radiation hazard index. The mean value of the estimated absorbed dose rate in the given area amounts to 80.1 nGyh?1, and the annual outdoor effective dose ranges from 46.9 to 134 Sv. Absorbed dose rate for biota in the studied area is 1.31 10?4 Gyd?1. The mean excess lifetime cancer risk outdoors for the population is 3.8 10?4, and t he mean value of the external radiation hazard index obtained in this study is 0.48, which is consistent with the world average. A low dose of radiation will not pose a risk to the population and biota in the studied area.

scholarly journals Radiation Doses and Cancer Risk from CT Pulmonary Angiography Examinations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanif Haspi Harun ◽  
Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim ◽  
Zulkifly Abbas ◽  
Sarawana Chelwan Muniandy ◽  
Akmal Sabarudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Organ Dose ◽  
Pulmonary Angiography ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Dose Length Product ◽  
The Mean

The present study aims to investigate radiation doses from Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) examinations based on the patient’s size and to estimate the probability of cancer risk induced from the examination. Data from 100 patients who had undergone CTPA examinations, such as scanning acquisition parameters, patient demography, as well as radiation dose exposure, were collected and analysed. All subjects which aged above 18 y/o were scanned using a Philips Brilliance 128 multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanner. The mean dose value for Volume Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), Dose-Length Product (DLP) and effective dose (E) were 11.06 ± 7.17 mGy, 400.38 ± 259.10 mGy.cm and 8.68 ± 5.47 mSv respectively. In addition, with respective of patient’s effective diameter, the mean SSDE value for Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 were 9.93 ± 3.89, 13.70 ± 9.04 and 22.29 ± 7.35, respectively. Cancer risk per million procedure was calculated based on te recommendation by the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 103 report. The organ dose and cancer risk attained for breast, lung and liver were 17.05 ± 10.40 mGy (194 per one million procedure), 17.55 ± 10.86 mGy (192 per one million procedure) and 15.04 ± 9.75 mGy (53 per one million procedure), respectively. In conclusion, CTDIvol underestimated, and SSDE was more accurate in describing the radiation dose. Lung and breast with larger lung effective diameter received the highest dose exposure which increase the probability of the cancer risk. Therefore, it is important to apply optimised protocols in order to reduce patient’s exposure during CTPA examination.

Assessment of ionizing radiation exposure levels and associated health risk in some selected solid mineral mining sites Edo-North, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
A.O. Eshiemomoh ◽  
G.O. Avwiri ◽  
C.P. Ononugbo
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ionizing Radiation Exposure

Ionizing radiation exposure rate and its associated health risks were assessed using Digilert 200 and Rados Radiation Monitoring Meter, integrated with Geographical Positioning System (Garmin GPSMAP 76S) of some selected solid mineral mining sites across Edo-North Nigeria. The mean exposure rates show some characteristic range of 0.010±0.005 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟−1 to 0.027 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟 −1 across the entire study. The obtained mean exposures rates at all the mining pits were higher than the ICRP standard limit of 0.013 𝑚𝑅ℎ𝑟 −1 , except at freedom limestonesmining pit where we recorded 0.010 mRh-1. It was also observed that limestones mining sites exhibited low exposure rate while granite mining sites exhibited high exposure rate. The computed equivalent dose rate ranges from 1.049 mSvy-1 to 2.287 mSvy-1 , which is well above the recommended permissible limit of 1.0 mSvy-1 for the general public. 91.7% of the mining sites recorded higher absorbed dose rate but the mean AEDE recorded across the entire study area are below the ICRP standard. The average excess lifetime cancer risk shows variation from 0.472 x 10-3 to 1.27 x 10-3 . . By this result, the probability of contacting cancer due to radiation exposure is higher in places like Cinoma pit, Cetraco pit, Niger-Cat pit, Jigom pit, Oaries pit and Petra-Quarries pit. Keywords: Assessment, Mining pits, Background, Exposure, lifetime cancer risk

scholarly journals Background Radiation from 238U, 232Th, and 40K in Bells Area and Canaan City, Ota, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 678-684
Author(s):  
M. R. Usikalu ◽  
C. A. Enemuwe ◽  
R. O. Morakinyo ◽  
M. M. Orosun ◽  
T. A. Adagunodo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rates

Natural radionuclides are present in every constituent of the environment. Monitoring of environmental radionuclides is very vital to avoid exposure above the threshold limit. Due to this, the background radiation from 238U, 232Th, and 40K of Bell University of Technology and Canaan Land City was determined from 20 sample points each in the two areas using RS230 Gamma Spectrometer. The mean activity concentration of 40K, 238U, and 232Th for Bells University of Technology was 442.66 Bq/kg, 41.98 Bq/kg, and 48.35 Bq/Kg, respectively. In Canaan City, mean activity concentration of 40K, 238U, and 232Th was 373.65 Bq/kg, 18.85 Bq/kg, and 67.22 Bq/kg, respectively. The mean absorbed dose rates recorded by the spectrometer directly were 70.03 nGy/h and 66.65 nGy/h, while that estimated from the activity concentration were 67.06 and 64.89 nGy/h for Bells University and Canaan City, respectively. The measured and estimated absorbed dose rates were higher than the safe limit of 57 nGy/h. The mean values of other radiological parameters estimated, except that of the gamma index and excess lifetime cancer risk were lower when compared to the recommended limit. It could be concluded that the possibility of suffering any radiation risk is low in these two areas, but there is possibility of cancer risk for someone that has stayed in the area for 70 years and above.

scholarly journals Is Telomere Length a Biomarker of Adaptive Response? Controversial Findings of NASA and Residents of High Background Radiation Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3Jun) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Welsh ◽  
J J Bevelacqua ◽  
M Keshavarz ◽  
S A R Mortazavi ◽  
S M J Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Dna Damages ◽  
High Background ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Telomere length and stability is a biomarker of aging, stress, and cancer. Shortening of telomeres and high level of DNA damages are known to be associated with aging. Telomere shortening normally occurs during cell division in most cells and when telomeres reach a critically short length, DNA damage signaling and cellular senescence can be triggered. The induction of an adaptive response by space radiation was first documented in 2003. Telomere length alterations are among the most fascinating observations in astronauts and residents of high background radiation areas. While study of the chronic exposure to high levels of background ionizing radiation in Kerala, India failed to show a significant influence on telomere length, limited data about the NASA astronaut Scott Kelly show that exposure to space radiation can induce telomeres to regain length. Interestingly, his telomeres shortened again only a couple of days after returning to Earth. The difference between these situations may be due to the differences in radiation dose, dose-rate, and/or type of radiation. Moreover, Scott Kelly’s spacewalks (EVA) could have significantly increased his cumulative radiation dose. It is worth noting that the spacewalks not only confer a higher dose activity but are also characterized by a different radiation spectrum than inside the space craft since the primary particles would not interact with the vehicle shell to generate secondary radiation. Generally, these differences can possibly indicate the necessity of a minimum dose/dose-rate for induction of adaptive response (the so called Window effect).

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