"[...] über die outrirte, willkürliche Bezeichnung"

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Popular Medium ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Joseph Joachim

Instructive editions from the late 19th and early 20th century include various annotations regarding musical and interpretative aspects, such as articulation, bowings, fingerings, dynamics, note values, or vibrato As a popular medium at the time, instructive editions were often in the centre of contemporary discussions and attracted the attention of musicians and music teachers, bequeathing us a wide corpus of valuable sources. Joseph Joachim was arguably the most prominent violinist and a sought-after pedagogue in the German-speaking world at the time. Hitherto unknown letters as well as revisited statements by Joachim lead to new insights regarding his attitude towards instructive editions: he viewed them - despite his (few) publications in this genre - very critically, as he was convinced that detailed instructions would limit the freedom of the performer. He instead preferred editions without annotations, but interpreted the music freely andd variably in what he considered the spirit of the composer. Joachim's attitude thus poses general questions as to the role and freedom of performance and interpretation in the second half of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals “True Heirs to a Heroic Russian Past” or “Russians in Name Only”: Sitka Creoles as Seen by the Late Nineteenth Century Russian Orthodox Clergy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-37
Author(s):  
Sergei Kan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The paper examines the criticism levelled against the Creoles of Sitka (persons of Russian and Alaska Native descent) by the Russian Orthodox priests who came to minister among them in the late 19th-early 20th century. These clergymen accused their parishioners not only of immorality but also of not being truly Russian, as far as their language and culture were concerned. By focusing on this criticism, the paper explores the symbolic significance of Alaska’s Russian colonial and missionary history and its legacy in the conservative nationalist ideology of the Russian Orthodox clergy. Particular attention is paid to the causes to which this clergy attributed the decline of the Russian culture and devotion to Orthodoxy among the Creole population of this frontier American/Alaskan town.

The German Roots of Russian Orientalism: Hafiz’s Poetry in Early-20th-Century Russian Song

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Philip Ross Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Musical Exoticism ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian arts were as fascinated by exotic languages, cultures, and locales as their Western European counterparts, and at first glance, Russian settings of the poetry of Hafiz appears to form part of the broader field of musical exoticism in general, and Russian orientalism in particular. This chapter begins by examining the relationship between empire and music, before setting out a rather different account of Russian musical orientalism, one marked by a complex transnational flow of literary and musical influences, as well as practices of translation, imitation, cultural appropriation, and cross-border artistic exchange. Whilst forming part of a broader tendency to imagine visions of a supposed ‘orient’ that had little to do with any documented anthropological, ethnographic, philological, or linguistic reality, Russian settings of Hafiz’s poetry are ultimately the result of the import of elements of German romanticism. Here, writers, translators, and commentators co-opted a range of ‘exotic’ literatures in an attempt to distinguish themselves from the dominance of French classicism and fashion an autonomous form of German nationalism, key elements of which were then incorporated into mid-nineteenth-century Russian culture (as in the case of Afanasy Fet’s translations of Georg Daumer’s well-known ‘versions’ of Hafiz). Accordingly, Hafiz figures not so much as the object of orientalist representation (although there is certainly a strong element of that to the songs discussed here), but as an exemplary figure within a complex network of literary mediation.

BLACK AND WHITE BODY MASS INDEX VALUES IN DEVELOPING NINETEENTH CENTURY NEBRASKA

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

SummaryLittle is known about late 19th and early 20th century BMIs on the US Central Plains. Using data from the Nebraska state prison, this study demonstrates that the BMIs of dark complexioned blacks were greater than for fairer complexioned mulattos and whites. Although modern BMIs have increased, late 19th and early 20th century BMIs in Nebraska were in normal ranges; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common. Farmer BMIs were consistently greater than those of non-farmers, and farm labourer BMIs were greater than those of common labourers. The BMIs of individuals born in Plains states were greater than for other nativities, indicating that rural lifestyles were associated with better net current biological living conditions.

scholarly journals Language Shift Revisited. Linguistic Repertoires of Jews in Low German-Speaking Germany in the Early 20th Century: Insights from the LCAAJ Archive

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-166
Author(s):  
Gertrud Reershemius
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Historical Sociolinguistics ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Low German ◽  
German Speaking

This paper analyzes the linguistic repertoires of Jews in the Low German-speaking areas in the first decades of the 20th century, as a contribution to historical sociolinguistics. Based on fieldwork questionnaires held in the archives of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (LCAAJ), it addresses the question of whether the Jewish minorities spoke a supralectal form of standard German or Koiné forms of dialects, relating this to issues of language shift from Western Yiddish. The study shows that many Jews living in northern Germany during the 1920s and 1930s still had access to a multilingual repertoire containing remnants of Western Yiddish; that a majority of the LCAAJ interviewees from this area emphasized their excellent command of standard German; and that their competence in Low German varied widely, from first language to no competence at all, depending on the region where they lived.*

After Diu: The Forgotten Islamic Trade in Early Nineteenth Century Cantonese Confucian Historiography (After Diu: Perdagangan Islam yand Kian dilupakan pada Awal Abad kesembilan belas Historiografi Cantonese Confucioan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-136
Author(s):  
HUNG Tak Wai 孔德維
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Government Records

Since the early 20th century, historians have studied interactions between China and Islamic communities. Most of them focused on the prosperity brought by the maritime trade between Muslims and Chinese in the earlier eras. How this trade ended, however, has not been extensively studied. This article studies the narratives regarding Arabs and Muslims participating in the Canton trade, as recorded in Yuehai guanzhi粵海關志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi was published by Liang Tingnan 梁廷枏 (1796–1861), a Cantonese Confucian elite, with the first-hand government records in 1838, by which time non-Chinese speaking Muslim merchants had already became rare in the region. This article investigates how Islamic trade was recorded during the early 19th century. In particular, it will illustrate how the trade ended and was forgotten due to the diminishing presence of Muslim merchants after the Battle of Diu in 1509. Keywords: Chinese Islam, Canton trade, customs system, Yuehai guanzhi, Leung Tingnan.                       Abstrak Sejak awal abad ke-20, sejarawan telah mengkaji interaksi yang berlaku antara komuniti Cina dan Islam. Kebanyakan mereka memberi tumpuan terhadap kemasyhuran  perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina pada era tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, kisah berakhirnya perdagangan ini tidak dikaji secara meluas oleh para sejarawan. Artikel ini mengkaji naratif mengenai orang Arab dan Muslim yang terlibat dalam perdagangan Canton, seperti yang dicatatkan dalam Yuehai guanzhi 粵 海關 志 [Gazetteer of Canton Customs]. Yuehai guanzhi telah diterbitkan oleh Liang See 梁廷 枏 (1796-1861), seorang elit Confucian Kantonis, dengan menggunakan rekod pertama kerajaan pada tahun 1838, dimana ketika itu para peniaga Muslim yang tidak fasih berbahasa Cina telah menjadi asing di rantau ini. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana perdagangan Islam direkodkan pada awal abad ke-19. Secara khususnya, artikel ini menggambarkan bagaimana perdagangan maritim antara Muslim dan Cina berakhir dan dilupakan setelah berkurangnya jumlah pedagang-pedagang Muslim selepas Pertempuran Diu pada tahun 1509. Kata Kunci: Cina muslim,canton trade, sistem budaya, Yuehai guanzhi Leung Tingnan.

The Date of the Council of Serdica

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-310
Author(s):  
Mark DelCogliano
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Made In

The precise date of the Council of Serdica is so important because it is essential for establishing the chronology of numerous events in fourth-century Christianity, and thus for reconstructing its overall history and developments. Unfortunately, this date has been under debate for nearly two centuries. Traditionally, the council was dated to 347 C.E., but discoveries in the 18th and 19th centuries led scholars to favor first 344 and then 343. In the early 20th century, Eduard Schwartz inaugurated a new stage in the debate when he argued for 342. In his wake, most French, Italian, and English-speaking scholars argued for 343, whereas most German-speaking scholars followed Schwartz's authority and endorsed 342. In 1974, Marcel Richard advanced a novel argument in favor in 342 that appeared to cement this date for its advocates. Recently, however, 343 appears to be the preferred date even in German scholarship. After more than a century of debate, it seems, a consensus has been reached. This essay offers the most comprehensive reassessment of this debate to date to see if it really should be considered concluded. It re-examines all the evidence and all the arguments made in support of one date or another, in particular those of Schwartz and Richard, and argues that the case for the Council of Serdica's having been held in the autumn of 343 should be considered conclusive; thus, the lengthy debate can rightly be closed.

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