The German Roots of Russian Orientalism: Hafiz’s Poetry in Early-20th-Century Russian Song

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Philip Ross Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Appropriation ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Musical Exoticism ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian arts were as fascinated by exotic languages, cultures, and locales as their Western European counterparts, and at first glance, Russian settings of the poetry of Hafiz appears to form part of the broader field of musical exoticism in general, and Russian orientalism in particular. This chapter begins by examining the relationship between empire and music, before setting out a rather different account of Russian musical orientalism, one marked by a complex transnational flow of literary and musical influences, as well as practices of translation, imitation, cultural appropriation, and cross-border artistic exchange. Whilst forming part of a broader tendency to imagine visions of a supposed ‘orient’ that had little to do with any documented anthropological, ethnographic, philological, or linguistic reality, Russian settings of Hafiz’s poetry are ultimately the result of the import of elements of German romanticism. Here, writers, translators, and commentators co-opted a range of ‘exotic’ literatures in an attempt to distinguish themselves from the dominance of French classicism and fashion an autonomous form of German nationalism, key elements of which were then incorporated into mid-nineteenth-century Russian culture (as in the case of Afanasy Fet’s translations of Georg Daumer’s well-known ‘versions’ of Hafiz). Accordingly, Hafiz figures not so much as the object of orientalist representation (although there is certainly a strong element of that to the songs discussed here), but as an exemplary figure within a complex network of literary mediation.

scholarly journals “True Heirs to a Heroic Russian Past” or “Russians in Name Only”: Sitka Creoles as Seen by the Late Nineteenth Century Russian Orthodox Clergy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-37
Author(s):  
Sergei Kan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The paper examines the criticism levelled against the Creoles of Sitka (persons of Russian and Alaska Native descent) by the Russian Orthodox priests who came to minister among them in the late 19th-early 20th century. These clergymen accused their parishioners not only of immorality but also of not being truly Russian, as far as their language and culture were concerned. By focusing on this criticism, the paper explores the symbolic significance of Alaska’s Russian colonial and missionary history and its legacy in the conservative nationalist ideology of the Russian Orthodox clergy. Particular attention is paid to the causes to which this clergy attributed the decline of the Russian culture and devotion to Orthodoxy among the Creole population of this frontier American/Alaskan town.

"[...] über die outrirte, willkürliche Bezeichnung"

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Popular Medium ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Joseph Joachim

Instructive editions from the late 19th and early 20th century include various annotations regarding musical and interpretative aspects, such as articulation, bowings, fingerings, dynamics, note values, or vibrato As a popular medium at the time, instructive editions were often in the centre of contemporary discussions and attracted the attention of musicians and music teachers, bequeathing us a wide corpus of valuable sources. Joseph Joachim was arguably the most prominent violinist and a sought-after pedagogue in the German-speaking world at the time. Hitherto unknown letters as well as revisited statements by Joachim lead to new insights regarding his attitude towards instructive editions: he viewed them - despite his (few) publications in this genre - very critically, as he was convinced that detailed instructions would limit the freedom of the performer. He instead preferred editions without annotations, but interpreted the music freely andd variably in what he considered the spirit of the composer. Joachim's attitude thus poses general questions as to the role and freedom of performance and interpretation in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

Djalkiri

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Collaborative Community ◽  
Arnhem Land ◽  
New Type ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Djalkiri are “footprints" – ancestral imprints on the landscape that provide the Yolŋu people of eastern Arnhem Land with their philosophical foundations. This book describes how Yolŋu artists and communities keep these foundations strong, and how they have worked with museums to develop a collaborative, community-led approach to the collection and display of their artwork. It includes contributions from Yolŋu elders and artists as well as Indigenous and non-Indigenous historians and curators. Together they explore how the relationship between communities and museums has changed over time. From the early 20th century, anthropologists and other collectors acquired artworks and objects and took photographs in Arnhem Land that became part of collections at the University of Sydney. Later generations of Yolŋu have sought out these materials and, with museum curators, proposed a new type of relationship, based on a deeper respect for Yolŋu intellectual frameworks and a commitment to their central role in curation. This book tells some of their stories.

The Sound of India In Maurice Delage’s Quatre Poèmes Hindous

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
Noémi Karácsony
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
French Music ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Instrumental Technique ◽  
The Relationship

"French composer and pianist Maurice Delage wrote several significant works inspired by his personal contact with the Orient. His travels to India inspired Delage to use innovative sound effects in his compositions, as well as to require his performers to adapt their vocal or instrumental technique to obtain the sound desired by the composer. His representation of the Orient is not a mere evocation of the Other, as is the case with most orientalist works, rather it reflects the composer’s desire to endow Western music with the purity, strength, and vivid colors which he discovered and admired in Indian music. The present paper presents the historical and artistic background which inspired and influenced Delage, the relationship between France and India in the early 20th century and reveals the composer’s idealistic point of view regarding India, its culture, and its music. The analysis focuses on the mélodie cycle Quatre poèmes hindous, composed between 1912 and 1913, striving to reveal the Indian influences in the work of Delage and the way orientalism is represented in French music from the first decades of the 20th century. Keywords: orientalism, France, India, 20th century, Maurice Delage"

The Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Late 19th/Early 20th Century Wrought Iron Using the Generalized Method of Cells Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Hooper ◽  
Lori Graham ◽  
Tim Foecke ◽  
Timothy P. Weihs
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Silicate Slag ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Generalized Method Of Cells ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that the structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Chemical, microstructural, and mechanical analysis of the hull steel suggests that it was state-of-the-art for 1912 with adequate fracture toughness for the application. However, the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Preliminary studies of Titanic wrought iron rivets revealed an orthotropic, inhomogeneous composite material composed of glassy iron silicate (slag) particles embedded in a ferrite matrix. To date, very little is understood about the properties of wrought iron from that period. Therefore, in order to assess the quality of the Titanic material, contemporary wrought iron was obtained from additional late 19th/early 20th century buildings, bridges, and ships for comparison. Image analysis completed on the Titanic wrought iron microstructure showed a high slag content that is very coarse and unevenly distributed. To investigate how microstructure impacts the mechanical properties, and hence the quality of late 19th/early 20th century wrought iron, a detailed analysis of the relationship between the microstructural features and the mechanical behavior was completed. Here we present the first step in that process: the use of the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) to predict the mechanical response of composites with variable microstructural properties. The GMC tool is used to generate the effective inelastic behavior of the composite from the individual constituent properties.

scholarly journals On the Tragic Sense in Unamuno and Pessoa “Les fois que l’impossible au nécessaire se joint”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pasciolla
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
Fernando Pessoa ◽  
Mutual Awareness ◽  
The Relationship

To confront two major writers and, indeed, thinkers of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 20th century is a challenge to be embraced, albeit with some circumspection. In the process, the tense relationship between the discourses of literary creation and philosophical musing will be broached. The evidence of any mutual awareness of their respective writings in the case of Miguel de Unamuno and Fernando Pessoa is scant. Whilst there is no recognition in the former of the latter, the Portuguese author certainly knew enough of the writings of the prolific Spaniard to have published several texts wherein he rejected the thinking of his near-contemporary. Close examination, however, reveals that the relationship between the writings of the two is complex enough to bear further scrutiny.

scholarly journals Emplacement of ideas. The development of geographical thought in Brazil in the early 20th century

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Osorio Machado
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Target Model ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Geographical Source ◽  
The Relationship

This paper looks at the circulation of modern geographical ideas in Brazil. The focus is on the relationship between geographical source models and the target model of domestic modernization. Three corresponding "mechanisms" provided the translation from one to the other: gradualism, adaptation and essentialism.

Revision of the European species of the genus Hincksina Norman, 1903 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida, Flustridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5081 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-352
Author(s):  
BJÖRN BERNING ◽  
MARY E. SPENCER JONES ◽  
LEANDRO M. VIEIRA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
European Species ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A New Species

Four Atlantic species of the flustrid genus Hincksina Norman, 1903, which were introduced during the 19th and early 20th century, are redescribed and imaged: Hincksina flustroides (Hincks, 1877) from Great Britain, Hincksina sceletos (Busk, 1858) from Madeira as well as Hincksina neptuni (Jullien in Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb. and Hincksina alice (Jullien in Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb. from the Azores, the latter two of which were hitherto placed in the cribrilinid genus Membraniporella Smitt, 1873. Lectotypes are designated for all species. A new species, Hincksina synchysia n. sp., is introduced for the Mediterranean taxon previously referred to as Hincksina flustroides f. crassispinata Gautier, 1962. In contrast to species from the continental shelf, which have simple cylindrical or flattened spines, some of the species from the oceanic islands of Madeira and the Azores are particularly characterised by falciform and variably formed palmicorn spines. Moreover, whilst most Hincksina species have avicularia with a relatively short, (sub)rounded rostrum and mandible, the two Azorean species have elongated, curved and pointed avicularia. The relationship between Gregarinidra Barroso, 1949, which also has pointed avicularia, and Hincksina is commented upon. Based on several shared diagnostic characters, the genus Cribralaria Silén, 1941 is here transferred from the Cribrilinidae Hincks, 1879 to the Flustridae Fleming, 1828.  

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