The Date of the Council of Serdica

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-310
Author(s):  
Mark DelCogliano
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Made In

The precise date of the Council of Serdica is so important because it is essential for establishing the chronology of numerous events in fourth-century Christianity, and thus for reconstructing its overall history and developments. Unfortunately, this date has been under debate for nearly two centuries. Traditionally, the council was dated to 347 C.E., but discoveries in the 18th and 19th centuries led scholars to favor first 344 and then 343. In the early 20th century, Eduard Schwartz inaugurated a new stage in the debate when he argued for 342. In his wake, most French, Italian, and English-speaking scholars argued for 343, whereas most German-speaking scholars followed Schwartz's authority and endorsed 342. In 1974, Marcel Richard advanced a novel argument in favor in 342 that appeared to cement this date for its advocates. Recently, however, 343 appears to be the preferred date even in German scholarship. After more than a century of debate, it seems, a consensus has been reached. This essay offers the most comprehensive reassessment of this debate to date to see if it really should be considered concluded. It re-examines all the evidence and all the arguments made in support of one date or another, in particular those of Schwartz and Richard, and argues that the case for the Council of Serdica's having been held in the autumn of 343 should be considered conclusive; thus, the lengthy debate can rightly be closed.

"[...] über die outrirte, willkürliche Bezeichnung"

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Popular Medium ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Joseph Joachim

Instructive editions from the late 19th and early 20th century include various annotations regarding musical and interpretative aspects, such as articulation, bowings, fingerings, dynamics, note values, or vibrato As a popular medium at the time, instructive editions were often in the centre of contemporary discussions and attracted the attention of musicians and music teachers, bequeathing us a wide corpus of valuable sources. Joseph Joachim was arguably the most prominent violinist and a sought-after pedagogue in the German-speaking world at the time. Hitherto unknown letters as well as revisited statements by Joachim lead to new insights regarding his attitude towards instructive editions: he viewed them - despite his (few) publications in this genre - very critically, as he was convinced that detailed instructions would limit the freedom of the performer. He instead preferred editions without annotations, but interpreted the music freely andd variably in what he considered the spirit of the composer. Joachim's attitude thus poses general questions as to the role and freedom of performance and interpretation in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 33-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Frieman
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
No Production ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines thechaîne opératoirefor these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.

Beside Physiology

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-761
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
German Student ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Applied Physiology ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Made In

This book on applied physiology fills a gap in postwar medical education in the German-speaking area. It informs the German student regarding the progress made in the English-speaking world and will be especially welcomed by him because from the didactic standpoint it is written simply and is well illustrated. It contains what most students in the clinical field want to know when they relate their bedside problems to underlying physiologic principles. It also focuses attention on important clinical problems.

Farewell to Unjustified Enrichment?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Jansen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
German Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

In this article, Professor Jansen sets out the historical background and present state of unjustified enrichment theory in the German-speaking civilian legal systems, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. The German law of unjustified enrichment has grown from two intellectually separate roots. These different legal ideas were interwoven during the 19th century by the German Pandectists. During the 20th century, it began to appear to many that these ideas did not fit well with one another. Professor Jansen thus argues that the modern civilian law of unjustified enrichment is increasingly characterised by a division into independent and distinct parts. In particular, the rules on the unwinding of contracts and on payments made in contemplation of future contracts no longer have much in common with claims based on an infringement of another person's property right. The conclusion drawn is that the Germanic systems should take their leave of the unifying idea of unjustified enrichment.

scholarly journals ON THE DATE OF BIRTH OF PATRIARCH HADRIAN OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
A. G. Avdeev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Visual Study ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Made In

The Russian historiographic sources recognize three probable birth dates of Hadrian, the last Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia in 17th century, i.e.1627, 1637 and 1639. The fourth date, 1636, is not widely recognized. Two epitaphs to the Patriarch Hadrian, both written by Karion Istomin, a major court poet of that time, serve as the main source of information about the life of the head of the Russian Church. The first epitaph is prosaic, mounted on his tomb in the shrine of the heads of the Russian Church in the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, and the second is poetic, preserved in the papers of the poet. . This paper establishes that the cause of chronological differences were errors in reading and interpreting the date of the Patriarch's death in the prosaic epitaph, which were made in historical studies of the 19th - early 20th century and without cross-checking with the gravestone inscription were reproduced in various publications. A visual study of the prosaic epitaph, conducted by the author in March 2014, indicates that Patriarch Hadrian died on October 2, 1700 at the age of 62 . The same date is written in the poetic epitaph. The “birthday” of Patriarch Hadrian (October 2), also raises doubts; most likely this date originated in the 19th century on the basis of the day of his baptism. The conducted research on the base of combination of archival sources and critical analysis of the writings of historians of the 19th - early 20th centuries established that Patriarch Hadrian was born in 1638.

scholarly journals The Slovak Stories of Timrava and their English Translation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Peter Hála
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Village ◽  
European Culture ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Work Done

Božena Slančíková Timrava (1867-1951) is an eminent Slovak writer. Her highly regarded realistic novels dealt with the rise of the modern Slovak nation. The intricate historical circumstances of the early 20th century, and the eventual emergence of the Slovak nation within complex European culture, made Timrava’s effort even more important. Due to the multicultural nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Timrava’s work is also meaningful in our trans-national and trans-cultural Global village. Timrava and other Slovak literary women were virtually unknown outside Slovakia until the extensive work done by Professor Norma L. Rudinsky (1928-2012), whose translation of six “Slovak stories by Timrava” was published in1992. However to truly understand and appreciate the importance of Timrava’s work, the English-speaking reader needed cultural and historical context. Rudinsky’s life-long effort culminated in the publication of “Incipient Feminists: Women Writers in theSlovak National Revival,” which was meant as a preamble to the works of Timrava for the English-speaking world. This paper introduces the life and work of Timrava within the intricate historical context of Slovak nation-building. It further outlines the importance of Rudinsky’s work and describes some interesting aspects of her translation. Attempting to present a practical cultural and historical approach to translation, the paper stresses the significance of so called ‘cultural grids’ and identifies the key elements, the ‘historical grids’, as well as author’s and translator’s biography, all within the wider context of the translator’s historical and sociological ‘matrix’ which ultimately determines the success of any translation of realistic historical literature.

scholarly journals Language Shift Revisited. Linguistic Repertoires of Jews in Low German-Speaking Germany in the Early 20th Century: Insights from the LCAAJ Archive

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-166
Author(s):  
Gertrud Reershemius
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Historical Sociolinguistics ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Low German ◽  
German Speaking

This paper analyzes the linguistic repertoires of Jews in the Low German-speaking areas in the first decades of the 20th century, as a contribution to historical sociolinguistics. Based on fieldwork questionnaires held in the archives of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (LCAAJ), it addresses the question of whether the Jewish minorities spoke a supralectal form of standard German or Koiné forms of dialects, relating this to issues of language shift from Western Yiddish. The study shows that many Jews living in northern Germany during the 1920s and 1930s still had access to a multilingual repertoire containing remnants of Western Yiddish; that a majority of the LCAAJ interviewees from this area emphasized their excellent command of standard German; and that their competence in Low German varied widely, from first language to no competence at all, depending on the region where they lived.*

scholarly journals Some Thoughts on Biography and the Historiography of the Twentieth-Century Arab World1

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Laila Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
North American ◽  
English Language ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
English Speaking World

The number of English-language biographies of Arab subjects is tiny compared to the number of English-language biographies of North American and European subjects. I argue that this discrepancy is due to three main factors: the preponderance of historians of Europe and North America in history departments in the English-speaking world; the limited crossover market for serious biographies of Arab subjects; and difficulties arising from access to, and the style of, the Arabic sources. A fragment from the life-story of Fawzi al-Qawuqji, an early-20th-century Arab nationalist and soldier, is introduced as a way of pointing to the challenges of using Arabic memoirs to craft a biographical narrative in English.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document