scholarly journals Analisa Pengaruh Ask Content Terhadap Nilai Kalor Batubara Pada PT. Tribhakti Inspektama Samarinda

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Irhamni Nuhardin
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter

Seiring dengan meningkatnya harga minyak dan gas bumi maka batubara sebagai bahan bakar alternatif sangat diharapkan dapat mengantisipasi kekurangan energi dengan meningkatkan pemanfaatannya untuk keperluan domestik, bahan bakar pembangkit tenaga listrik, dan lain sebagainya. Beberapa negara memiliki sistem klasifikasi batubara secara spesifik. Klasifikasi tersebut digunakan untuk menggolongkan batubara berdasarkan pemanfaatannya. Berdasarkan standar SNI 13-6011-1999 klasifikasi batubara di indonesia dibagi menjadi dua yaitu brown Coal dan hard coal. Umumnya, untuk mengetahui kualitas batubara dilakukan analisa kimia berupa analisis proksimat atau analisis ultimat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah unuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar abu terhadap nilai kalor pada batubara. Indonesia sebelum mengekspor batubara ke negara-negara lain batubara terlebih dahulu diuji dan dianalisis untuk menentukan layak atau tidak untuk di berikan sesuai permintaan konsumenKadar abu merupakan kotoran yang tidak akan terbakar kandungannya berkisar 5%-40%. Oleh karena itu dilakukan analisis proximate untuk mengetahui pengaruh ash content. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari studi literatur, pengolahan sampel dan analisis data. Pengolahan sampel dengan cara menentukan Ash Content dan nilai kalor pada sampel batubara. Adapun cara menentukan Ash content yaitu dengan menimbang sampel batubara dengan berat tertentu kemudian dipanaskan hingga suhu 750?.dalam menentukan nilai kalor dampel batubara yang dianalisis menggunakan alat bomb calorimeter. Ash Content dan Nilai Kalor pada tujuh sampel yang di analisis yaitu sampel BB1 memiliki Ash Content 5,43 dengan nilai kalor 6007, sampel BB2 memiliki Ash Content 7,96 dengan nilai kalor 5752, sampel BB3 memiliki Ash Content 10,62 dengan nilai kalor 4780, sampel BB4 memiliki Ash Content 13,42 dengan nilai kalor 4712, sampel BB5 memiliki Ash Content 21,82 dengan nilai kalor 4154, sampel BB6 memiliki Ash Content 35.57 dengan nilai kalor 3218 dan sampel BB7 memiliki Ash Content 55,93 dengan nilai kalor 1921. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai Ash Content sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai kalor yang dihasilkan.

Hydrocarbon Generative Properties and Maturity of Cretaceous and Eocene Sediments in the Middle Kura Depression, Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Khosrov Akhundov ◽  
Mushfig Farhad Tagiyev ◽  
Arastun Ismail Khuduzade ◽  
Natig Namig Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Sedimentary Cover ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Marine Origin ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Lesser Caucasus ◽  
Reflectance Data

Abstract Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover in the Middle Kura depression located between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountain structures contains numerous oil accumulations. According to studies in the Cretaceous and Paleogene strata, sedimentary organic matter is of mixed clastic-marine origin. Moderate amounts of organic matter have been recorded in the Eocene sediments (on average 0.70%), in the Upper and Lower Cretaceous average values made up 0.39% и 0.42%, respectively. Analysis of bitumoid composition suggests that in a number of areas bitumoids have experienced a widespread movement across the sedimentary strata. The results of measurements on isolated samples indicate that the Cretaceous strata have only advanced to the initial hard-coal stage of organic transformation (0.48-0.55%Ro). On vitrinite reflectance data the Eocene deposits in studied areas of the Middle Kura depression have reached initial (brown-coal) stage of catagenetic transformation (±0.48Ro%; est. paleotemperature of 85°C). Nonetheless, analysis of formation conditions of commercial HC accumulations found earlier in the Eocene strata allows considering them the most prospective in the Middle Kura depression.

Characteristics of combined combustion of hard coal and high-reactive brown coal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Zhuikov ◽  
Olesya P. Stebeleva ◽  
Stanislav V. Chicherin ◽  
Michael V. Kolosov ◽  
Lyazzat R. Junussova
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Hard Coal

Conversion of Different Ash Content Brown Coal in Fluidized Bed

2012 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Osipov ◽  
N. Chernyavskiy ◽  
A. Ryzhkov ◽  
S. Dulienko ◽  
A. Remenuk
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Ash Content

Economic and environmental impacts of household conversion to cleaner fuel in the czech republic

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Šauer ◽  
Antonín Dvořák ◽  
Lubomír Paroha ◽  
Joann Carmin ◽  
Richard N. L. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Black Coal ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Historical Monuments

Air pollution ranks as one of the most serious environmental problems worldwide due to its impacts on human health, natural ecosystems, cultural and historical monuments, aesthetics and economic welfare. It is a particularly significant problem in the formerly communist states of central and Eastern Europe as a result of the large-scale use of low-quality lignite ( brown coal ) for heat, industrial production and electric power generation. The Czech Republic alone produced over 68.4 million tons of brown coal in 1992 along with 18.5 million tons of black coal and 5.7 million tons of coke. In turn, regulated pollution sources emitted an estimated nearly million tons of particulate and nearly 18 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Brown coal typically has relatively high sulfur and ash content and correspondingly low energy value compared to other fuels.

scholarly journals Carbon Shale Combustion in the Fluidized Bed Reactor

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Olek ◽  
Stanisław Kandefer ◽  
Wiesław Kaniowski ◽  
Witold Żukowski ◽  
Jerzy Baron
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Conversion Degree ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Combustible Material ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Bubbling Fluidized Bed

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of coal shale combustion in furnaces with bubbling fluidized bed. Coal shale can be autothermally combusted in the fluidized bed, despite the low calorie value and high ash content of fuel. Established concentrations of CO (500 ppm) and VOC (30 mg/m3) have indicated a high conversion degree of combustible material during combustion process. Average concentrations of SO2 and NOx in the flue gas were higher than this received from the combustion of high quality hard coal, 600 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively. Optional reduction of SO2 and NOx emission may require the installation of flue gas desulphurization and de-NOx systems.

Conversion of the Mineral Matter of Brown Coal from the Kansk-Achinsk Basin and Hard Coal from the Ekibastuz Basin upon Their Crushing in a Disintegrator

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Chernetskiy ◽  
E. B. Butakov ◽  
A. V. Kuznetsov ◽  
A. P. Burdukov
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Mineral Matter

Coal Supply Competition in Germany to the Year 2000

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318
Author(s):  
Matthias Hessling
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Surface Mining ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Coal Supply ◽  
Year 2000

Coal is the only significant domestic energy source in Germany. Surface mining of browncoal and its utilization for power generation is economic, while the domestic hard coal industry is maintained for reasons of security of supply despite high costs of the underground operations. Over past decades, however, the size of the industry has been declining sharply. Long-term energy-political agreements guarantee sales of subsidised hard coal to the electricity and steel sectors up to 2005, but on a smaller scale than today. Brown coal use in eastern Germany is also set to decline further from its present level for structural and environmental reasons, while the use of brown coal in western Germany will remain constant. Hard coal imports, on the other hand, are likely to rise. The background of these developments is described in detail, as is the German coal policy. Coal supply is forecast up to the year 2000. The current energy supply structure in Germany as well as its future development are determined by a number of conditions, three of which will be discussed here as relevant to the topic of this paper. A more specific analysis of the hard coal industry, its development and political setting will be presented, followed by a forecast of the coal supply in 2000. The three basic conditions are as follows: Germany is, apart from coal, a country poor in energy resources. German energy policy is based on a balance of three major goals: security of energy supply, environmentally acceptable energy supply and energy supply at low cost. Unification of the two parts of Germany is being followed by a structural change of energy supply and this will continue.

scholarly journals Sorption of 137Cs and 90Sr on Organic Sorbents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11531
Author(s):  
Petr Belousov ◽  
Anna Semenkova ◽  
Yulia Izosimova ◽  
Inna Tolpeshta ◽  
Anna Romanchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
High Moor ◽  
Brown Coals ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
High Moor Peat

The present study examines the sorption of Cs (I) and Sr (II) on organic sorbents in the pH range from 2 to 10, as well as the mechanisms of their binding. In order to determine the influence of the physical properties and the quantity of functional groups of the organic sorbents on sorption, experiments were carried out on organic materials of varying degrees of metamorphism: high-moor peat, hard and brown coals and shungite. A detailed description of their mineral composition, cation exchange capacity, buffering capacity and elemental composition of sorbents is provided. XRD, XRF, SEM and BET adsorption methods were used for assaying. As a result of the conducted research, it can be concluded that Sr (II) showed a higher sorption per unit specific surface area than Cs (I) in the studied range of concentrations and pH values. Sr (II) sorption decreases in the following order: high-moor peat > brown coal > shungite > hard coal. The sorption of Cs (I) is highest on brown coal and lesser for high-moor peat, shungite and hard coal. It is suggested that Cs (I) and Sr (II) can be fixed on carboxyl functional groups and Cs (I), possibly, in insignificant amounts on phenolic hydroxyls of all four studied organic sorbents.

scholarly journals Coal Demand and Environmental Regulations: A Case Study of the Polish Power Sector

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Kaszyński ◽  
Jacek Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Brown Coal ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Future Demand

The impact of environmental regulations implemented in the power industry that affect the consumption of solid fuels is of key importance to coal-based power generation systems, such as that in Poland. In this context, the main purpose of the paper was to determine the future demand for hard coal and brown coal in the Polish power sector by 2050 with reference to the environmental regulations implemented in the power sector. To achieve these goals, a mathematical model was developed using the linear programming approach, which reflected the key relationships between the hard and brown coal mining sector and the power sector in the context of the environmental regulations discussed. The environmental regulations selected had a great influence on the future demand for hard and brown coal in the power generation sector. The scope of this influence depended on particular regulations. The prices of CO2 emission allowances and stricter emissions standards stemming from the Industrial Emissions Directive and the BAT (Best Available Techniques) conclusions had the largest influence on the reduction of hard coal demand. In the case of brown coal, no new power generating units would be deployed; hence, brown coal consumption would drop practically to zero in 2050 under all the scenarios considered.

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