scholarly journals Literary Figures of ‘New Women’ in the Early Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Tomiche ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
New Women ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Night And Day

Based on a comparative reading of Virginia Woolf’s second novel, Night and Day (1919), where one of the main characters is a suffragist, and of Victor Margueritte’s La Garçonne (1922), whose title explicitly indicates the status of the protagonist as a flapper, this article explores figures of “new women” insofar as they are literary representations of social realities and insofar as such representations draw from a collective imaginary which they also contribute to forge. I

The Obligation to Choose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Quanta ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Scientific Ideas

Chapter 1 explores Woolf’s writings up to the end of 1925 in relation to scientific ideas on wave-particle duality, providing the ‘retrospect of Woolf’s earlier novels’ which Michael Whitworth has suggested shows that she was working ‘in anticipation of the physicists’. The chapter as a whole challenges this idea of anticipation, showing that Woolf was actually working in parallel with physicists, philosophers, and artists in the early twentieth century, all of whom were starting to question dualistic models and instead beginning to develop complementary ones. A retrospect on wave-particle duality is also provided, making reference to Max Planck’s work on quanta and Albert Einstein’s development of light quanta. This chapter pays close attention to Woolf’s writing of light and her use of conjunctions, suggesting that Woolf was increasingly looking to write ‘both/and’ rather than ‘either/or’. Among other texts, it considers Night and Day, Mrs Dalloway, and ‘Sketch of the Past’.

Punarvivaham vs. Pativratyam: Pulugurta Lakshmi Narasamamba and the Widow Remarriage Question in Colonial Andhra

2021 ◽  
pp. 025764302110017
Author(s):  
Shaik Mahaboob Basha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Journals

The question of widow remarriage, which occupied an important place in the social reform movement, was hotly debated in colonial Andhra. Women joined the debate in the early twentieth century. There was a conservative section of women, which bitterly opposed the widow remarriage movement and attacked the social reformers, both women and men. Pulugruta Lakshmi Narasamamba led this group of women. Lakshmi Narasamamba treated widow remarriage (punarvivaham) with contempt and termed it as an affront to the fidelity (pativratyam) of Hindu women. According to her, widow remarriage was equal to ‘prostitution’, and the widows who married again could not be granted the status of kulanganas (respectable or chaste women). Lakshmi Narasamamba’s stand on the question of widow remarriage led to the emergence of a fiery and protracted controversy among women which eventually led to the division of the most famous women’s organization, the Shri Vidyarthini Samajamu. She opposed not only widow remarriage but also post-puberty marriage and campaigned in favour of child marriage. This article describes the whole debate on the widow remarriage question that took place among women. It is based on the primary sources, especially the woefully neglected women’s journals in the Telugu language.

Science as the Key to Modern Progress

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoe Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women Missionaries ◽  
New Women ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modernization Process

This chapter shows how the notion of modern science brought to China by American New Women missionaries in the form of medicine and nursing generated concrete responses from their Chinese counterparts. The notion of science as a universally applicable and fundamentally egalitarian element for the development of a modern society and its constituents was increasingly influential in both the United States and China during the early twentieth century. Consequently, American New Women missionaries were able to establish their status as scientific professionals whose expertise could contribute to China's modernization process. At the same time, however, their faith in the new notion of science brought with it the idea of “separate but equal” gender roles, which brought them into conflict with many of their male counterparts from the United States who wanted to compete with other imperial powers to gain influence in China.

Dalit Liberative Identity as Amalgam

2019 ◽  
pp. 336-363
Author(s):  
George Oommen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The change of religion led to new self-assessment and identity-seeking. Pulayas had major conflicts with Syrian Christians, including Christian landlords. Many Pulayas had then still the status of bonded labourers or even slaves (adiyan). After covering the early twentieth-century agitations to overcome their social degradation and exclusion from public spaces, the author focuses on the later involvement of Christian Pulayas with the Communist mobilization. Communist activists accepted water and food from the Pulayas. Finally, the chapter discusses the push of Pulaya Christians for a distinctive depressed-class administration within the Anglican Church, ending with the break-away of a large section of Dalit Christians from the Anglican Church and the start of a new church, the CMS Church, in 1968.

The limits of comparison: institutional mortality rates, long-term confinement and causes of death during the early twentieth century

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Modern World ◽  
British India ◽  
Psychiatric Institution ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material

This article presents a case study of institutional trends in a psychiatric institution in British India during the early twentieth century. It focuses on mortality statistics and long-term confinement rates as well as causes of death. The intention is two-fold: first, to provide new material that potentially lends itself to comparison with the few existing institutional case studies that have explored this particular period; second, to highlight some of the problems inherent in the status of the statistics and the conceptual categories used, and to consider the challenges these pose for any intended comparative and transnational assessment. Furthermore, it is suggested that historians working on the history of western institutions ought to look beyond the confining rim of Eurocentric self-containment and relate their research to other institutions around the world. It is important for social historians to abstain from uncritically reproducing hegemonic histories of the modern world in which western cultures and nations are posited by default as the centre or metropolis and the rest as peripheries whose social and scientific developments may be seen to be of exotic interest, but merely derivative and peripheral.

A Brownian Model for Literary Crowds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Brownian Motion ◽  
James Joyce ◽  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Molecular Physics ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Brownian Model ◽  
Night And Day

Chapter 6 applies the ideas explored in Chapter 5 to a range of early twentieth-century literary texts, especially those by Woolf and Lawrence. The focus here is on crowd and city scenes, including the modernist figures of the flâneur and the passante. The chapter as a whole argues for the relevance of contemporary ideas on molecular physics, especially Brownian motion, to portrayals of individual characters in relation to crowds, drawing on a range of texts including Woolf’s Night and Day and Mrs Dalloway, Lawrence’s The Trespasser and The White Peacock, and texts by Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, and H. G. Wells. Together with Chapter 5, this chapter demonstrates how ideas, language, and imagery were shared across disciplines in the early twentieth century, and argues that considering different disciplines together can help us to recapture a sense of the ways in which particular issues were experienced at the time.

Fractional organization of Ukrainian ambassadors of the Galician Sejm

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Ivan Krykhovetskyi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Methods

Purpose. The aim of the study is to identify the legal basis for the organization and establishment of the status of the Ukrainian Seimas factions of the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and historical methods, as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. It was established that the faction is defined as a natural institution of association of Sejm ambassadors, which allowed to carry out effective legislative activity, as the minimum number of deputies who could submit a bill or block the one under consideration was 15. Emphasis is placed on the leadership of the Ukrainian faction. in particular their social affiliation and political beliefs of leaders. The legal bases of the faction's activity are considered separately. Emphasis is placed on how the activities of the Sejm influenced the state and legal thought of Galicia in the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. The peculiarities of the Polish-Ukrainian political confrontation within the walls of the Sejm, including in the process of factional organization, are studied. It was established that social affiliation had a significant influence on the political opinion of Galician Ukrainians, including the process of their factional organization. Thus, until the 1870s, the Ukrainian Sejm ambassadors were dominated by representatives of the clergy, and only at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. political leadership passes to the secular intelligentsia - lawyers, lawyers. Scientific novelty. It has been established that for more than 50 years of the Seimas' activity, no normative acts regulating the process of formation of the Seimas factions have been issued either by the central government or by the Seimas itself. The creation of Sejm factions was the competence of the deputies themselves or political groups, which were represented in the highest representative body of the region. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal research, preparation of special courses.

Music in Early Twentieth-Century Istanbul

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Onur Öner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
The Political ◽  
Music Schools ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status

This study addresses the social history of music in early twentieth-century Ottoman Istanbul. The paper argues that private music schools were at the center of transformations in music and that their history is profoundly related to the political crises the Ottoman state experienced after the turn of the twentieth century. More precisely, by approaching the Ottoman bureaucracy from a musical perspective, the paper tries to link the reorganization of the Ottoman bureaucracy in 1909 with the emergence of private music schools in Istanbul. To explore the process, the paper follows some official functionaries’ career paths to explain their concentration in these schools. In contrast to conventional historiography, the aim is to emphasise that out of the political crises, private music schools emerged as a new ground in music. By paying limited attention to musical aspects, the study will mainly address the social roles these schools occupied in Ottoman urban life. They were practically social organizations, whose members pursued common goals. Collective action, such a fundamental shift of mindset on the part of the musicians, facilitated the advancement of the status of musicians in Ottoman urban society and decreased uncertainty about the future of the profession. Moreover, the institutional identity provided by the schools changed the place of women in music by increasing their visibility as music teachers and performers.

Resisting Colonialism in the Uzbek Historical Novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day), 1936

Inner Asia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Shawn T. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian History ◽  
Night And Day

AbstractIn this essay on the Uzbek author and poet Abdulhamid Sulayman Cholpon (1897–1938), his novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day) is examined as a bold critique of both Russian and Soviet colonialism in early twentieth century Central Asia. Despite increasing censorship and previous arrests by Soviet authorities, Cholpon subtly employs a variety of techniques including satire and farce to undermine the legitimacy of the Soviet government that was being established around him. Bitterly portraying the hypocrisy and collusion of jadid reformists, Muslim clerics and local Russian officials, this unfinished novel, which was halted by the author’s execution in 1938, remains as one of the darkest comments on Soviet Central Asian history in the Uzbek language.

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