Dalit Liberative Identity as Amalgam

2019 ◽  
pp. 336-363
Author(s):  
George Oommen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Anglican Church ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The change of religion led to new self-assessment and identity-seeking. Pulayas had major conflicts with Syrian Christians, including Christian landlords. Many Pulayas had then still the status of bonded labourers or even slaves (adiyan). After covering the early twentieth-century agitations to overcome their social degradation and exclusion from public spaces, the author focuses on the later involvement of Christian Pulayas with the Communist mobilization. Communist activists accepted water and food from the Pulayas. Finally, the chapter discusses the push of Pulaya Christians for a distinctive depressed-class administration within the Anglican Church, ending with the break-away of a large section of Dalit Christians from the Anglican Church and the start of a new church, the CMS Church, in 1968.

Punarvivaham vs. Pativratyam: Pulugurta Lakshmi Narasamamba and the Widow Remarriage Question in Colonial Andhra

2021 ◽  
pp. 025764302110017
Author(s):  
Shaik Mahaboob Basha
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Journals

The question of widow remarriage, which occupied an important place in the social reform movement, was hotly debated in colonial Andhra. Women joined the debate in the early twentieth century. There was a conservative section of women, which bitterly opposed the widow remarriage movement and attacked the social reformers, both women and men. Pulugruta Lakshmi Narasamamba led this group of women. Lakshmi Narasamamba treated widow remarriage (punarvivaham) with contempt and termed it as an affront to the fidelity (pativratyam) of Hindu women. According to her, widow remarriage was equal to ‘prostitution’, and the widows who married again could not be granted the status of kulanganas (respectable or chaste women). Lakshmi Narasamamba’s stand on the question of widow remarriage led to the emergence of a fiery and protracted controversy among women which eventually led to the division of the most famous women’s organization, the Shri Vidyarthini Samajamu. She opposed not only widow remarriage but also post-puberty marriage and campaigned in favour of child marriage. This article describes the whole debate on the widow remarriage question that took place among women. It is based on the primary sources, especially the woefully neglected women’s journals in the Telugu language.

The limits of comparison: institutional mortality rates, long-term confinement and causes of death during the early twentieth century

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Modern World ◽  
British India ◽  
Psychiatric Institution ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material

This article presents a case study of institutional trends in a psychiatric institution in British India during the early twentieth century. It focuses on mortality statistics and long-term confinement rates as well as causes of death. The intention is two-fold: first, to provide new material that potentially lends itself to comparison with the few existing institutional case studies that have explored this particular period; second, to highlight some of the problems inherent in the status of the statistics and the conceptual categories used, and to consider the challenges these pose for any intended comparative and transnational assessment. Furthermore, it is suggested that historians working on the history of western institutions ought to look beyond the confining rim of Eurocentric self-containment and relate their research to other institutions around the world. It is important for social historians to abstain from uncritically reproducing hegemonic histories of the modern world in which western cultures and nations are posited by default as the centre or metropolis and the rest as peripheries whose social and scientific developments may be seen to be of exotic interest, but merely derivative and peripheral.

scholarly journals Literary Figures of ‘New Women’ in the Early Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Tomiche ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
New Women ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Night And Day

Based on a comparative reading of Virginia Woolf’s second novel, Night and Day (1919), where one of the main characters is a suffragist, and of Victor Margueritte’s La Garçonne (1922), whose title explicitly indicates the status of the protagonist as a flapper, this article explores figures of “new women” insofar as they are literary representations of social realities and insofar as such representations draw from a collective imaginary which they also contribute to forge. I

Fractional organization of Ukrainian ambassadors of the Galician Sejm

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Ivan Krykhovetskyi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Methods

Purpose. The aim of the study is to identify the legal basis for the organization and establishment of the status of the Ukrainian Seimas factions of the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and historical methods, as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. Results. It was established that the faction is defined as a natural institution of association of Sejm ambassadors, which allowed to carry out effective legislative activity, as the minimum number of deputies who could submit a bill or block the one under consideration was 15. Emphasis is placed on the leadership of the Ukrainian faction. in particular their social affiliation and political beliefs of leaders. The legal bases of the faction's activity are considered separately. Emphasis is placed on how the activities of the Sejm influenced the state and legal thought of Galicia in the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. The peculiarities of the Polish-Ukrainian political confrontation within the walls of the Sejm, including in the process of factional organization, are studied. It was established that social affiliation had a significant influence on the political opinion of Galician Ukrainians, including the process of their factional organization. Thus, until the 1870s, the Ukrainian Sejm ambassadors were dominated by representatives of the clergy, and only at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. political leadership passes to the secular intelligentsia - lawyers, lawyers. Scientific novelty. It has been established that for more than 50 years of the Seimas' activity, no normative acts regulating the process of formation of the Seimas factions have been issued either by the central government or by the Seimas itself. The creation of Sejm factions was the competence of the deputies themselves or political groups, which were represented in the highest representative body of the region. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal research, preparation of special courses.

Radicalism and Spectacle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Goodier ◽  
Karen Pastorello
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
New Woman ◽  
Woman Suffrage ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Generation

This chapter recounts how, following a period of deliberate self-assessment and revision between 1908 and 1910, a new generation of woman suffrage activists revitalized their cause, demonstrating the fluidity and responsiveness of the movement to modernity. As they challenged traditional notions of womanhood, “new woman” suffragists appropriated modern technology, harnessing the power of beauty and imagery to elevate the notion of woman suffrage. They redirected public opinion by making suffrage modern, fashionable, and commonplace. In effect, when radical women enhanced and transformed the popular perception of woman suffrage in the early twentieth century, they coalesced some of the distinctly different suffrage groups as they made the cause both exciting and impossible to ignore.

Music in Early Twentieth-Century Istanbul

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Onur Öner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
The Political ◽  
Music Schools ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status

This study addresses the social history of music in early twentieth-century Ottoman Istanbul. The paper argues that private music schools were at the center of transformations in music and that their history is profoundly related to the political crises the Ottoman state experienced after the turn of the twentieth century. More precisely, by approaching the Ottoman bureaucracy from a musical perspective, the paper tries to link the reorganization of the Ottoman bureaucracy in 1909 with the emergence of private music schools in Istanbul. To explore the process, the paper follows some official functionaries’ career paths to explain their concentration in these schools. In contrast to conventional historiography, the aim is to emphasise that out of the political crises, private music schools emerged as a new ground in music. By paying limited attention to musical aspects, the study will mainly address the social roles these schools occupied in Ottoman urban life. They were practically social organizations, whose members pursued common goals. Collective action, such a fundamental shift of mindset on the part of the musicians, facilitated the advancement of the status of musicians in Ottoman urban society and decreased uncertainty about the future of the profession. Moreover, the institutional identity provided by the schools changed the place of women in music by increasing their visibility as music teachers and performers.

Theodore M. Hesburgh, Theologian: Revisiting Land O’Lakes Fifty Years Later

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 930-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward P. Hahnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Academic Freedom ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
Catholic Universities ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
The University

Theodore M. Hesburgh, CSC, was the driving force behind the 1967 Land O’Lakes Statement—a watershed document that affirmed both the distinctive identity of Catholic universities and the “true autonomy and academic freedom” they needed to excel. This article explores the prominent role of theology in the Land O’Lakes Statement by means of an examination of Hesburgh’s specifically theological commitments. Attending first to the status of Catholic theology in the early twentieth century, the article considers Hesburgh’s neo-Scholastic formation, his early work on the theology of the laity, and the evolution of his thinking as president of the University of Notre Dame. It concludes that the category of mediation, present in Hesburgh’s earliest work, would come to ground the dialogical role he thought theology had to play to ensure the nature and mission of the contemporary Catholic university.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ISLAH MOVEMENT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN PRE-INDEPENDENT MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Hafiz Zakariya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Short And Long Term

The advent of the Islah movement in Malay Peninsula during the early twentieth century challenged the status quo and the existing political and religious institutions. It created a major controversy and tension between the reformists and those supporting the existing order. Consequently, some Muslims were suspicious of the reformists. This was primarily due to their non-adherence to the Shafi’i school of Islamic law, which was adopted by the majority of Muslims not only in Malay Peninsula, but the Nusantara in general. Amid such controversy, some people overlook and even dismiss the contribution of the reformists. Therefore, this article re-examines both the short and long-term contribution of the Islah movement to Malay society.

Neo-Primitivism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Parton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status

Neo-Primitivism is a style-label employed by the Muscovite avant-garde in the early twentieth century to describe forms of visual art and poetry that were tendentiously crude in style and socially and politically contentious in terms of subject matter. In the field of painting, the style was chiefly developed by Mikhail Larionov (1881–1964) and Natalia Goncharova (1881–1962) as well as by members of the Donkey’s Tail and Target groups, of which they were the respective leaders. In poetry, Neo-Primitivism was most consistently explored by Velimir Khlebnikov (1885–1922) and Alexei Kruchenykh (1886–1968), with whom the painters frequently collaborated. Neo-Primitivism was not only oppositional to the polite and refined culture of the status-quo, but it was also intensely nationalistic, seeing itself as the inheritor of indigenous artistic practices that had been erased under the Westernizing reforms of Peter the Great. Whilst initially inspired by Western avant-garde Modernism, the neo-primitives quickly disassociated themselves from Western practices to find inspiration in the soil of Russia. Their aim was to reinvigorate Russian art by reference to the expressive qualities of icon painitng, the lubok (Russian woodcut print), peasant embroidery, the painted tray and signboard, and the ancient Russian fertility statues found in the steppe landscape.

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