History of the specific musical movements in Ukraine in the XX century

The purpose of the article is to provide systematization and synthesis of data concerning the history of the separate directions of musical art in Ukraine in the XX century. Methodology. General scientific methods of research, analytical, typological, semantic, and comparative analysis - are applied to the terminological definition of a conceptual framework of the history of musical art and justification of its theoretical art criticism application. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of musical art in Ukraine in the XX century as a certain welfare community. Conclusions. The article considers the history of certain areas of musical art in Ukraine in the twentieth century. It was established that at the stage of the emergence of musical art in Ukraine, the initial music of a syncretic nature developed. This trend consisted in the fact that music, dance, song, and poetry were in constant unity and, accompanied both ceremonies, rites and rituals, and everyday life. During the twentieth century, Ukrainian music in a significant variety of genres and forms is widespread in our country and beyond. Ukrainian artists actively mastered classical European instrumental genres, including the Baroque suite, chamber sonata, trio, quartet, quintet. It was at this time that the aesthetics of the Art Nouveau era dictated an appeal to the style of impressionism, expressionism, and other directions of Art Nouveau (in association with traditional genres, forms, and means of musical expressiveness). This has had an appropriate impact on the field of music education. The development of Ukrainian professional music is associated with the evolution of Ukrainian statehood, which only in the 20th century received the driving forces for formation. This state dynamics influenced the development of Ukrainian culture (and musical art) as an integrated system that is necessary for the active development of the society of Ukraine and the international community as a whole. Speaking about the interaction following the results of the ХХ century of innovations and traditions (archaics) in the musical art of Ukraine, it should be pointed out that any tradition is an innovation in the past, and any innovation is potentially a tradition in the future. In addition, it is important that novelty and archaic in the composer's work should complement each other. It is through this trend that innovations in musical art differ significantly from innovations in technology, where a return to archaic cannot be considered an innovative development. Keywords: art, music, musical works, music schools, the ХХ century, directions, development innovations.

Paying a Church Musician in the Nineteenth Century: Between Possibilities and Necessities

In Europe, the nineteenth century had its own kind of an impact on the development of church music: fellowships that looked over the repertoire of music played in churches and encouraged research into the sources of the old church music and the Gregorian chant started emerging in many different countries. In the middle of the said century, the Holy See released documents that repeatedly and strictly regulated music and especially the music played during masses. Bishops were ordered to establish new music schools, reinforce the existing ones, and form committees in charge of the repertoire, musical performance and care of musicians in dioceses. The salary of the members of church chapels depended on the length of their work and the level of their professionalism. Sometimes the best musicians earned as much as the chapel leader. The leader, who received a certain amount of money to be spent on salaries from the seniors of the church every quarter of the year, distributed it on their own accord, taking into the account the intensity and quality of the instrumentalists’ performance. Each choir singer received the same amount of money, and the salary of the organist depended on the number of masses. Gregorian chanters received smallest salaries. Often the musicians were paid in kind: in food, candles, clothes, footwear, vodka, beer, honey, and the like. Some church chapels even had a cook who prepared breakfasts and lunches specifically for the musicians. Unfortunately, at the end of the nineteenth century, the financial situation of church chapels the financial situation of church chapels changed for the worse much worse.

role of the Chinese piano school in the formation of the Chinese piano art

The relevance of the study is that the integrative role of compulsory piano learning in music education acquires the knowledge and skills of conscious work, which is considered the mainstream of the formation of the art of pianism in China. Most of it is conducted and implemented in territorially different environments of music schools to acquire knowledge, themes of perception of musical text, recognizing the degree of use of inherent potential of additional piano features related to increasing the effectiveness of learning activities. In the context of piano schools, a large number of students perceive the subject only as a hobby. For them, these measures are often reduced to the implementation of appropriate programmes. The piano, like any other subject, develops musicality and promotes reflection on the music piece. For some, the musical art of pianism acts as the only way to stimulate the harmonious imagination through which it is possible to learn to listen to chords. The piano is a unique source of inspiration for further musical development. The aim of the study is to reveal and examine the role of the Chinese piano school in the formation of Chinese art of pianism.

Social Support as a Facilitator of Musical Self-Efficacy

Previous research has shown that musical self-efficacy is one of the predictors of academic achievement, but few studies have analyzed the function of social support in the construction of musical self-efficacy. In this study we analyze the relationship between three sources of support perceived by music students – parents, teachers, and peers – and their influence on levels of self-efficacy for learning and for public performance. We analyze three groups of students under the hypothesis that relationships among those variables can vary with age and the level of education. A total of 444 students enrolled in six Spanish music schools, two music universities, and four advanced music schools, completed the Social Support Scale for Music Students, as well as the General Musical Self-Efficacy Scale. Results reveal significant relationships among the aforementioned variables, with considerable variation according to academic level. For the youngest students enrolled in advanced music schools (conservatorios profesionales), the role of parents and teachers was crucial, especially for predicting self-efficacy for learning, which, in turn, is the best predictor of self-efficacy for public performance. For the 16–18-year-olds enrolled in the same advanced music schools, their peers play a particularly relevant role in reinforcing their self-efficacy for learning. Social support had a negligible influence on the self-efficacy of university-level students, but they did experience a strong relationship between self-efficacy for learning, on the one hand, and public performance, on the other. We interpret these results in view of potential long-term careers in music, relating them with a series of different agents.

Vectors of Liu Shikun’s Creative Activity in the Context of China Piano Art of the Second Half of the XX — Beginning of the XXI Century

Problem statement and its relevance. One of the pioneers of Chinese contemporary piano art, whose creative activity certainly contributed to its formation, further rapid rise and recognition of creative achievements on the world art horizon, is a prominent pianist — Liu Shikun, who today has received complete recognition as a brilliant performer, composer and teacher thus marked the beginning of the so­called piano boom in China, and with it — the gradual formation and confident rise of the Chinese piano school. If various aspects of contemporary Chinese performing arts have repeatedly been subjected to musicological discourse in the scientific community, the direct and comprehensive coverage of Liu Shikun’s leading role in the process of forming the foundations of Chinese piano performing arts, as well as careful analysis and representation of his creative achievements and pedagogical fields are still relevant for basic musicological research. The purpose of this article is to highlight and analyze the main vectors of creative activity of the famous Chinese musician Liu Shikun in the context of the development of piano art in China in the second half of the XX — early XXI centuries. The methodology of the work focuses on the principles of historicism and source studies, which provides coverage of Liu Shikun’s musical work in a single context with cultural, historical and artistic phenomena and their interaction. In addition, methods of retrospective, structural­system analysis, interpretation of facts, argumentation and generalization are involved. The results obtained during the achievement of the goal of this work focus on the representation and characterization of Liu Shikun’s creative achievements in the field of concert performance, teaching and composition and the artist’s contribution to the development of Chinese piano culture. The topicality of the article lies in the first attempt in Ukrainian musicology to comprehensively cover the main directions of creative activity of the famous Chinese pianist Liu Shikun in the projection of his influence on the formation of the current state of Chinese piano art. The practical significance of the facts and analysis of the main vectors of Liu Shikun’s creative activity carried out in this work is the possibility of using this material in courses on the history and theory of modern piano art, in particular in sections on the Chinese piano school, as well as for further more thorough research of Liu Shikun’s musical creativity, systematization of scientific information on his contribution to the development of musical art of this country. Conclusions. Summarizing the above given material, it should be noted that the fruitful and multifaceted work of this artist directly influenced the development and professionalization of piano performance in China at that time. This influence was due to the comprehensive recognition of the artist’s creative achievements by the world music community, in particular through numerous concert performances in leading countries (especially in partnership with leading orchestras and outstanding musicians); creation of original samples of concert repertoire on the basis and with specificity of the Chinese traditional melody; organization of a dense network of author’s music schools (art centers) and formation of the foundations of the Chinese national piano pedagogy.

Qualitative content analysis – piano accompanists’ and collaborative pianists’ competencies / Kvalitativna analiza vsebine – kompetence umetniških sodelavcev/korepetitorjev

The aim of this research was to describe, explain and categorise the key competencies of collaborative pianists in music schools and music/arts academies in the Republic of Croatia. A qualitative research design was applied, based on qualitative content analysis of nine interviews with collaborative pianists and an online questionnaire filled out by nine fifth-year students from the Music Academy in Zagreb. Findings have been grouped into five competence categories according to the European Polifonia framework: performance and artistic, planning and organisational, communication and pedagogical, facilitation and reflective practitioner.

N.Karimov's viola transcriptions in the pedagogical repertoire (on the example of the transcription of «Kuy» by M.Sagatov)

In the Kazakh educational process today, in addition to the generally recognized arrangements and treatments of world music classics and original works for viola, national music adapted for viola is actively involved. There are several collections of works for viola edited, arranged and processed by such authors as A.Nurbayeva, E.Liberchuk, Ya.Fudimana, N.Sagimbayeva, D.Makhmud. The musical literature presented in these collections is widely used at different levels of education – by students of music schools, colleges and even universities of the republic, which is mainly due to the limited repertoire. The article deals with the transcription of N.Karimov's «Kuy» for violin and chamber orchestra by M. Sagatov as one of the first experiments in interpreting the sound of dombra kuy in viola music.

PEDAGOGICAL GIFTEDNESS AS A FACTOR OF SUCCESSFUL PREPARATION OF STUDENTS OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION FOR CONCERT PERFORMANCE

This paper examines the features of the activities of a teacher of additional education related to the preparation of students for a concert performance and necessity of creating favorable conditions to the successful performance of students. The most common shortcomings in preparing students for performing in front of audience are identified, also the main stages of the musical teaching process are considered. In the course of analyzing the activities of a music teacher, it was revealed that in the structure of the organization of the musical teaching process when working with gifted students, it is important that the teacher has pedagogical giftedness, which includes a number of pedagogical abilities. On the basis of the studied materials and the experience of foreign countries, the author proposes, on the basis of a bachelor's degree, to enter a course of major disciplines such as psychology of musical and pedagogical activity, psychological and pedagogical workshop and the art of teaching stage performance, and for acting teachers on the basis of children's music schools, to introduce an advanced training course of psychological and pedagogical support of students in the conditions of concert activities for teachers of additional education.

Music in Early Twentieth-Century Istanbul

This study addresses the social history of music in early twentieth-century Ottoman Istanbul. The paper argues that private music schools were at the center of transformations in music and that their history is profoundly related to the political crises the Ottoman state experienced after the turn of the twentieth century. More precisely, by approaching the Ottoman bureaucracy from a musical perspective, the paper tries to link the reorganization of the Ottoman bureaucracy in 1909 with the emergence of private music schools in Istanbul. To explore the process, the paper follows some official functionaries’ career paths to explain their concentration in these schools. In contrast to conventional historiography, the aim is to emphasise that out of the political crises, private music schools emerged as a new ground in music. By paying limited attention to musical aspects, the study will mainly address the social roles these schools occupied in Ottoman urban life. They were practically social organizations, whose members pursued common goals. Collective action, such a fundamental shift of mindset on the part of the musicians, facilitated the advancement of the status of musicians in Ottoman urban society and decreased uncertainty about the future of the profession. Moreover, the institutional identity provided by the schools changed the place of women in music by increasing their visibility as music teachers and performers.