Viscoelastic Behavior of Butadiene-Acrylonitrile Copolymers at Small and Large Deformations and Their Ultimate Properties

1973 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
H. H. Bowerman ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract With four samples of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers the following viscoelastic measurements have been performed: dynamic mechanical measurements in tension at 110 Hz from −60 to 180° C, tensile stress relaxation measurements with 100 per cent elongation at 25, 54, and 97.5° C, capillary flow measurements at 70, 100, and 125° C, and high-speed tensile stress-strain measurements carried to break at 25, 54, and 97° C. All the data have been treated with the same equation for the time-temperature conversion. The complex viscosity-frequency curves calculated from the dynamic measurements were found to be in good agreement with the capillary viscosity-shear rate curves. From the stress-strain relationship at the yield point the viscosity is estimated; such viscosity as a function of the strain rate is similar to the viscosity-shear rate curve. Good agreement was found with some samples. The elongation to break may be predicted with some samples from the treatment of stress relaxation data together with steady shear flow data.

Capillary Rheometry of Carbon-Black-Filled Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Capillary rheometry of carbon-black-filled butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers at 125°C was performed over a wide shear rate range. The data were corrected for pressure loss in the barrel and at the capillary entrance, and for the non-Newtonian velocity profile (Rabinowitsch correction). No appreciable effect of pressure on viscosity was observed. The die swell values were very small, 1.1–1.4. This fact and the shape of the plots of shear stress vs. shear rate imply the presence of a particulate structure, which is probably built by carbon black surrounded with bound rubber. Unlike the behavior of raw amorphous elastomers, the steady-shear viscosity, the dynamic complex viscosity, and the viscosity calculated from tensile stress-strain behavior were significantly different from each other. That is, the capillary flow data indicated an alteration of the structure towards strain softening, and the tensile stress-strain behavior showed strain hardening, indicating retention of the structure up to the yield point. In the dynamic measurement, being conducted at very small strain, the structure is least disturbed. With unfilled elastomers essentially the same deformational mechanism was believed to be responsible in these three measurements, because the results can be expressed by a single master curve.

Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior of Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Copolymers Filled with Carbon Black

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
H. H. Bowerman ◽  
E. A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Strain Softening ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Angular Frequency ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract Various viscoelastic measurements including dynamic mechanical measurements in tension at 110 Hz from −60–160°C, tensile stress relaxation measurements with 100% elongation at 25, 54, and 98°C, capillary flow measurements at 70, 100, and 125°C, and high-speed tensile stress-strain measurements carried to break at 25, 56, and 98°C were performed on four samples of carbon-black-filled butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers. All the data were treated with the same equation for time-temperature conversion. The capillary viscosity—shear rate curves were significantly lower than the complex viscosity—angular frequency curves, indicating “strain softening” with extrusion. The viscosity was estimated from the stress-strain relationship at the yield point. The viscosity as a function of the strain rate is significantly higher than the complex viscosity as a function of angular frequency, indicating “strain hardening” with extension. The strain softening and strain hardening are attributable to the structural changes upon deformation of the carbon-black-filled elastomers. With the unfilled elastomers, neither strain softening nor strain hardening were observed in similar measurements.

Tensile Stress—Strain and Stress Relaxation Behavior of Raw Elastomers Using a High Speed Tester

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Bowerman ◽  
E. A. Collins ◽  
N. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Relaxation Measurements ◽  
Ultimate Properties ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Acrylonitrile Copolymers

Abstract A high-speed, tensile-testing device was used to determine the stress—strain behavior of uncompounded butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymers over a range of temperatures and deformation rates. The strain rates were varied from 267 to 26,700 per cent/sec and the temperature was varied from 25 to 97° C. The high-speed tester was also used for stress—relaxation measurements by applying the strain nearly instantly in conformity with theoretical requirements in order to obtain the short time behavior. The WLF equation was obtained from the stress—relaxation data and then used to reduce the ultimate properties to one temperature over four decades of the strain rates. The ultimate properties could be represented by a failure envelope similar to those obtained for vulcanizates.

Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties of Raw Butadiene—Acrylonitrile Elastomers

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
E. A. Collins ◽  
P. R. Kumler
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Master Curve ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Master Curves ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Using Data

Abstract The dynamic viscoelastic properties of four samples of butadiene—acrylonitrile raw elastomers, were obtained with a Rheovibron at 110 Hz and temperature range of −80 to 160°C. The complex properties were in agreement with the master curves obtained previously from stress-strain measurements. A master curve encompassing 13 decades of time was constructed using data from Mooney rheometer shear stress-strain, MTS high speed tensile stress-strain, and the Rheovibron. The master curve represents the rubbery region of viscoelastic behavior in terms of time, temperature, and the magnitude of deformation up to the breaking point. This study demonstrates that corresponding states can be found between small (ca. 1 per cent) and large deformation up to break (e.g., 1400 per cent).

Effect of Stretching on the Properties of Rubber

1948 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strain Stress ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Filler Particles

Abstract The results of tensile stress-strain, stress relaxation, swelling, electric conductivity, and power factor tests show that the properties of pure vulcanizates are only slightly affected by previous stretching or flexing; on the other hand, the properties of vulcanizates containing reinforcing agents, or fillers which stiffen the rubber, may be considerably changed by previous stretching. The increases of stiffness, electric conductivity, and power factor produced by the incorporation of the fillers are destroyed by flexing or stretching. From most practical points of view these changes are of a permanent nature, as at normal temperatures the recovery towards the initial properties is slow. These effects are attributed to the breakdown of both agglomerates and chains of filler particles, and the adsorption of the filler particles on the rubber.

Applicability of Neuber’s Rule to the Analysis of Stress and Strain Concentration Under Creep Conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ha¨rkega˚rd ◽  
S. So̸rbo̸
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Concentration ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Concentration Factors ◽  
Neuber's Rule ◽  
Good Agreement

A differential form of Neuber’s rule, originally proposed by M. Chaudonneret, has been formulated for a generic viscoplastic notch problem, making extensive use of suitably normalised stress, strain and time. It has been shown that the stress-strain history at the root of a notch in a viscoplastic body can be determined directly from the elastic response, provided far-field viscoplastic strains can be neglected. Neuber’s rule has also been applied to the more general cases of stress and strain concentration at notches under (i) nominal creep conditions (constant nominal stress) and (ii) stress relaxation (constant nominal strain). Predictions are in good agreement with results from finite element analyses. Stress and strain concentration factors have been observed to approach stationary values after long-time loading. The stationary stress concentration factor under stress relaxation falls below that under nominal creep conditions.

Comparison of Tensile and Shear Behavior of Carbon-Black-Filled Elastomers

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nakajima ◽  
J. J. Scobbo ◽  
E. R. Harrell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Shear ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Tensile Tester

Abstract Four NBR's and 2 SBR's with 40 phr carbon black and one SBR with 56 phr carbon black were characterized in both tensile stress-strain behavior and small-strain dynamic-shear behavior. The room temperature tensile stress-strain behavior was determined at strain rates of 0.00690, 0.0187, 0.0975, 0.0162, and 0.253 s−1. For dynamic-shear observations, loss and storage moduli were used to calculate the complex viscosity-frequency curve at small deformations and frequencies of 0.1 to 100 rad/s. Also, these data from tensile and shear experiments were compared with previous data from a capillary rheometer, high-speed tensile tester, and oscillatory tensile tester. Strain-time correspondence was found applicable to large-deformation tensile data up to the yield point. The formation of an anisotropic aggregate density in elongational deformation explains the higher viscosity and modulus for tensile behavior relative to small-strain shear behavior at similar conditions. In shear deformation and flow, the formation of an anisotropic density of aggregates does not seem to occur appreciably.

Modeling of Tread Block Contact Mechanics Using Linear Viscoelastic Theory3

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Liu ◽  
M. P. F. Sutcliffe ◽  
W. R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Block Modeling ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Material ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract In an effort to understand the dynamic hub forces on road vehicles, an advanced free-rolling tire-model is being developed in which the tread blocks and tire belt are modeled separately. This paper presents the interim results for the tread block modeling. The finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit is used to predict the contact forces on the tread blocks based on a linear viscoelastic material model. Special attention is paid to investigating the forces on the tread blocks during the impact and release motions. A pressure and slip-rate-dependent frictional law is applied in the analysis. A simplified numerical model is also proposed where the tread blocks are discretized into linear viscoelastic spring elements. The results from both models are validated via experiments in a high-speed rolling test rig and found to be in good agreement.

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