Reinforcing Effect of Silica and Silane Fillers on the Properties of Some Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1290-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ansarifar ◽  
R. Nijhawan ◽  
T. Nanapoolsin ◽  
M. Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Cyclic Fatigue ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The reinforcing effect of up to 6 parts per hundred rubber by weight (phr) bis- (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), a bifunctional organosilane, on the crosslink density, bound rubber, and technical properties of some conventional accelerator/sulfur compounds of natural rubber, containing 30 phr precipitated amorphous white silica was studied. The crosslink density and bound rubber improved as a function of TESPT loading. The tensile strength, elongation at break, stored energy density at rupture, and cohesive tear strength deteriorated at low loading of TESPT, but they subsequently increased after the full amount of TESPT was introduced into the compound. The improved properties of the vulcanizate was due to the better dispersion of the filler in the rubber matrix. However, the cyclic fatigue life was adversely affected, and the hardness hardly changed as a result of adding TESPT to the rubber.

Influence of Modified Cassava Peel Waste (CPW) Loading on Tensile Properties of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 1119 ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Hamidah Harahap ◽  
Kelvin Hadinatan ◽  
Adrian Hartanto ◽  
Elmer Surya ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cassava Peel

Cassava peel is one of agricultural waste that abundantly found in environment. One approach to manage this waste is to apply it as filler in natural rubber latex. In this work, the cassava peel waste (CPW) was powdered and dispersed in alkanolamide-water dispersion system to modify its surface. The amount of fillers used was 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 phr (part per hundred rubber) and loaded in natural rubber latex (NRL) formulation system. The products then were formed by dipping method after the NRL formulation was pre-vulcanized at 70°C. The observed parameter includes crosslink density, tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation at break. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of tensile fracture in NRL film. The results show that 10 phr loading of modified fillers increases the crosslink density, tensile strength, and tensile modulus but decreases the elongation at break. SEM study also reveals that higher filler loading above 10 phr will create the agglomeration in rubber matrix.

scholarly journals The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Syahrul Fauzi Siregar ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

Peroxide and Radiation Cured Compounds Filled with Reinforcing Fine Particle Silica

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734
Author(s):  
J. W. Sellers ◽  
M. P. Wagner ◽  
B. J. DeWitt ◽  
C. C. Stueber ◽  
J. B. Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Curing Systems

Abstract The potential of fine particle silica to reinforce elastomers to an extent comparable with the most efficient furnace blacks has been indicated by the extent and nature of bound rubber formation. This potential has been confirmed in peroxide and radiation cures by the increase in crosslink density of the filled over the unfilled natural rubber mixtures. Confirmation in these curing systems stimulates further research designed to realize this high potential not fully attained in present sulfur cures.

Kinetics of Crosslinking and Network Changes in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates with a Dithiodimorpholine Based Accelerator System

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Bhowmick ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Filler Surface ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Accelerator System

Abstract Kinetics of crosslinking and network changes in unfilled and filled natural rubber vulcanizates with a dithiodimorpholine based accelerator system have been studied at 150° and 180°C. Results show that addition of HAF black enhances the polysulfidic crosslinks as well as the total crosslinks. This has been explained with the help of Coran's model wherein HAK black increases the rate constants. It is likely that the filler surface prevents desulfuration and undesirable side reactions involving the crosslink precursors. Increase of curing temperature by 30°C lowers the total crosslink density and increases the sulfur inefficiency.

Effect of Crosslink Density on Cut Growth in Black-Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
N. Rattanasom
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Longitudinal Crack ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Longitudinal Cracks ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
High Crosslink Density

Abstract Tensile strengths, σb, of gum and N115-filled natural rubber test pieces, with and without edge pre-cuts, have been determined. At low crosslink density, the regular (uncut) σb of filled and gum vulcanizates is similar. However, at high crosslink density, the gum NR becomes brittle, while the corresponding filled rubber remains strong and resistant to cut growth. It is proposed that the tightly linked gum does not strain-crystallize appreciably during stretching, but that its filled counterpart does. Carbon black appears capable of inducing crystallization in a network that alone remains amorphous during extension. Filled vulcanizates of various crosslink densities have similar normal tensile strengths ( ≈ 30 MPa), but strengths differ, sometimes more than twofold, if a pre-cut is present. Lightly crosslinked specimens containing a small cut have strengths that depend very weakly on cut size, c. Furthermore, these develop long longitudinal cracks from which catastrophic rupture initiates. With larger cuts, strength decreases more rapidly with increasing c, there is less longitudinal crack growth, and rupture initiates near the original cut tip. In contrast, the strength of a highly crosslinked vulcanizate is sensitive to small cuts and test pieces exhibit minimal longitudinal cracking before failure.

Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry correlations of crosslink density in natural rubber vulcanizates

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelynn L. Savoca ◽  
Robert P. Lattimer ◽  
Joseph M. Richards ◽  
Willem Windig ◽  
Henk L.C. Meuzelaar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

scholarly journals Water-swellable rubber blend from epoxidized natural rubber and superabsorbent polymer composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaman Adair ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Pairote Klinpituksa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Water Absorbency ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Water Swelling

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) along with other minor components were mechanically blended in an internal mixer (Brabender Plasticorder) at 40°C and 60 r/min rotor speed with 80% fill factor. The SAPC was synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto hydroxyethyl cellulose backbones and adding bentonite clay. The first water-swelling behavior was investigated with alternative epoxidation levels of the ENR. Water-swellable rubber (WSR) performed well in terms of water absorbency, and weight loss was achieved with 50 mole% epoxidation level, so this ENR was chosen for the rubber matrix from which WSR was prepared with various contents of SAPC (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr). The results indicated that SAPC loading positively affected water absorbency, which was resulted by increasing weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the modulus increased with SAPC content. WSR formulated from ENR-50, SAPC, and other ingredients resulting in good water-swelling behaviors and modulus, while the tensile strength and elongation at break had opposition. SAPC was an important factor to control the overall WSR properties.

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