scholarly journals Central Nervous System Tuberculosis Presenting As a Case of Myelitis: A Rare Complication

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Nihar Ranjan Mohanty ◽  
◽  
Bhagyashree Panda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

scholarly journals Cerebral Blastomycosis: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Solitary CNS Blastomycosis Mass-Like Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas Stavrakis ◽  
Ananth Narayan ◽  
Olga Voronel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
Diffusion Restriction ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Blastomycosis is a fungal infection rarely seen in clinical practice. Endemic to the Midwestern United States as well as the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, Blastomyces dermatitidis characteristically involves the skin and lungs. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, although a rare complication of this disease, can be fatal. The current literature on CNS blastomycosis primarily centers on the spectrum of traditional imaging features of T1- and T2-weighted imaging with which this entity can present. However, here we present the direct histopathologic correlation of the imaging findings of solitary mass like CNS blastomycosis, with an emphasis on the association of diffusion restriction within the lesion with a granulomatous immune response.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Involvement by Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: A Case Report of the Bing–Neel Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananth Arjunan ◽  
Hema Rai
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Neurologic Symptoms ◽  
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia ◽  
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Bing–Neel syndrome (BNS) is a rare complication of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) defined by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS). Patients present with a range of neurologic symptoms of variable severity. Diagnosis requires a low threshold of suspicion and is considered in WM patients with unexplained neurologic symptoms. It can occur in the presence of quiescent serum markers of WM. Direct CNS tissue biopsy should be pursued if feasible and remains the gold standard for diagnosis. No standard of care treatment exists, but expert guidelines suggest intravenous chemotherapy in standard dose or high-dose regimens or use of oral ibrutinib. Consideration is also made for intravenous rituximab, intrathecal therapies, and autologous stem cell transplantation. Patient factors and tolerability should drive decisions regarding treatment choice in this arena, given a lack of data for standard frontline therapy.

Central Nervous System Metastases in Patients With Cervical Carcinoma

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1686-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Cacho-Díaz ◽  
Nydia A. Lorenzana-Mendoza ◽  
Rosa M. Michel-Ortega ◽  
Gervith Reyes-Soto ◽  
Alejandro Monroy-Sosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Status ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Altered Mental Status ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Common Malignancy

IntroductionCervical cancer (CC) is the most common malignancy throughout developing countries, although considered rare, central nervous system metastasis (CNSm) does occur.ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe our experiences and compare them to other published cases.Materials and MethodsFrom May 2009 to August 2015, the files of all patients with CC treated at our referral center were reviewed.ResultsWe found 27 patients with CC and CNSm. Mean age at the time of CNS diagnosis was 50 ± 11 years, mean interval between initial CC and CNSm was 46 months; the most frequent initial International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage was IIB with 17 patients followed by IB in 4. Fifty-nine percent of patients had lung metastases at the time CNSm were diagnosed. Headache was the most common symptom, followed by weakness, altered mental status, and ataxia/cerebellar. Mean survival was 8.2 months after CNSm was discovered; 3 patients are still alive.ConclusionsThe present study describes the largest series of patients with CNSm from CC; this rare complication should be suspected in patients with CC who present with headache, ataxia, cranial nerve palsy, visual disturbance, altered mental status, focal weakness, or other neurological symptom, without other plausible explanation.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Involvement in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura in Children and Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliyana H. Pacheva ◽  
Ivan S. Ivanov ◽  
Krastina Stefanova ◽  
Elena Chepisheva ◽  
Lyubov Chochkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Henoch Schonlein Purpura ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
Hyperintense Lesion ◽  
Schonlein Purpura ◽  
Henoch Schönlein Purpura

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is rare but poses diagnostic difficulties. The aim of the study was to establish the frequency of CNS involvement in HSP, to analyze its clinical characteristics and do a literature review. Medical files of patients with HSP admitted at the Department of Pediatrics, Plovdiv, were studied retrospectively for a five-year period (2009–2013). Diagnosis was based on the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Out of 112 children with HSP 1 case (0.9%) had CNS involvement presenting as Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES), which may be a result of CNS vasculitis or arterial hypertension. It was an 8-year-old girl with atypical HSP which started with abdominal pain requiring surgery. On the third day after the operation a transient macular rash and arterial hypertension appeared, followed by visual disturbances, hemiconvulsive epileptic seizures, postictal hemiparesis, and confusion. Head CT showed occipital hypodense lesions and MRT-T2 hyperintense lesion in the left occipital lobe. The patient experienced a second similar episode after 2 weeks when palpable purpura had also appeared. Neurological symptoms and MRI resolved completely. HSP can be an etiological factor for PRES in childhood. Although PRES is a rare complication of HSP, clinicians must be aware of it and avoid diagnostic and therapeutic delays.

scholarly journals CLINICAL СASE OF INFLUENZA A(H1N1) COMPLICATED WITH ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
T. A. Chebotareva ◽  
E. P. Koval ◽  
M. A. Antsupova ◽  
A. V. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The defeat of the central nervous system in influenza reflects the properties of both the pathogen itself and the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the influenza infectious process.  Existing modern  theories do not fully explain the pathological conditions of influenza in the central nervous system, which is still accompanied by ambiguous clinical arguments about the direct cytopathic effect of the influenza virus on neural tissue with the development of encephalitis. Another rare complication of the flu is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The autoimmune mechanism of the development of this disease is universally recognized, despite the continuing difficulties of diagnosis in the absence of oligoclonal antibodies in blood plasma and spinal cerebral fluid in the majority of patients.

scholarly journals Acute hyperviscosity: syndromes and management

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (13) ◽  
pp. 1379-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morie A. Gertz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Plasma Exchange ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Red Cell Count

Plasma hyperviscosity is a rare complication of both monoclonal and polyclonal disorders associated with elevation of immunoglobulins. Asymptomatic patients with an elevation in the serum viscosity do not require plasma exchange, and the majority will have other indications for therapeutic intervention. For patients with hemorrhagic or central nervous system manifestations, plasma exchange is the therapy of choice and is relatively safe. Viscosity measurements are not required to initiate therapy if the index of suspicion is high and the clinical presentation is typical. However, patients should have a sample sent for confirmation of the diagnosis. Whole-blood hyperviscosity is seen in patients with extreme elevation of the red cell and white cell count. Phlebotomy of patients with primary and secondary elevation of the red cell count is a well-established therapy.

Meningitis after Adenoidectomy: An Anatomic Explanation

1996 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 684-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Isaacson ◽  
Wesley W. Parke
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Lidocaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Retrograde Flow ◽  
Hematogenous Spread ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Meningitis is a rare complication of adenoidectomy. During a 5-month period, two children at St Christopher's Hospital for Children developed meningitis within days following this surgical procedure. The potential causes of this complication that we investigated include coincidence, systemic hematogenous spread of bacteria to the central nervous system, and direct or indirect contamination of the cerebrospinal fluid by bacteria introduced by retropharyngeal injection of lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine. Based on statistical analysis of the available literature and anatomic studies of the pediatric nasopharyngeal region, we conclude that a retrograde flow of bacteria via a newly described anastomotic network of veins was the most likely cause of this sequela.

scholarly journals Spinal ependymoma presenting with visual and hearing impairment – An unusual sequelae

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-171
Author(s):  
Jagathlal Gangadharan ◽  
Vani Santosh ◽  
Rose Bharath ◽  
Paritosh Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Spinal Tumor ◽  
Superficial Siderosis ◽  
Recurrent Bleeding ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Spinal Ependymoma ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare complication of recurrent bleeding in the neuraxis which may present with various symptoms. We report a case of spinal tumor presenting with superficial siderosis with involvement of vision and hearing along with ataxia. This is a rare presentation of superficial siderosis. The pathogenesis of selective involvement of these cranial nerves is discussed.

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