scholarly journals Mucormycosis, The Black Fungus alarming Coinfections in Covid-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Shahid Nawaz ◽  
Maria Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Life Threatening

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a global pandemic causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was firstly reported in Hubei province in the People’s Republic of China and spread worldwide quickly. The COVID-19 affects every person differently, from mild to life-threatening symptoms (Nawaz, 2020), along with other bacterial or fungal co-infections (CDC., 2021). The COVID-19 affected patients are prone to develop severe opportunistic infections (Salehi et al., 2020). The immune system of SARS-COV-2 infected patients becomes vulnerable to these opportunistic infections if some comorbidities (diabetes, pulmonary disease) or immunocompromised conditions (steroid therapy, hospital stay, and ventilation) are present. The development of infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, bloodstream candida, pulmonary aspergillosis, and oropharyngeal candidiasis have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (Moorthy et al., 2021). A few case reports of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in COVID-19 have been reported (Mehta et al., 2020). One such study was reported by (Sen et al., 2021), in which they presented a series of six cases of COVID-19 disease with rhino-orbital mucormycosis. Only one patient in this series had concurrent COVID-19 and mucormycosis at hospital admission, while five patients developed mucormycosis during treatment for COVID-19. Recent studies in Pakistan have reported an increased number of cases of mucormycosis, also known as “black fungus” in COVID-19 patients (The News., 2021).

scholarly journals A study of clinical spectrum of opportunistic infections in HIV infected children and its correlation with CD4 count and anti-retroviral therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Vishal Manohar Jadhav ◽  
Yashwant Raghu Gabhale ◽  
Mamatha Murad Lala ◽  
Nikita Dilip Shah ◽  
Mamta Vijay Manglani
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Molluscum Contagiosum ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Clinical Spectrum ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Male To Female

Background: To determine the clinical spectrum and prevalence of opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV infected children and correlate the occurrence of opportunistic infections with their CD4 count and Anti-retroviral treatment (ART).Methods: A total of 100 HIV infected children diagnosed with opportunistic infections were included in the study. Demographic details, clinical examination and relevant investigations were done for all the children. Clinical spectrum of OIs and HIV staging was recorded. CD4 counts were done at baseline and were repeated at 6 monthly intervals.Results: Mean age of the patients was 7.08±3.48 years (ranging from 6 months to 15 years) at enrollment with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Fever (91%) was a common presenting symptom followed by weight loss (74%), cough (37%), abdominal pain (29%) and breathlessness (16%). CD4 count was significantly associated with presence of opportunistic infection in the study group. Tuberculosis - pulmonary (32%) and extra-pulmonary (29%) was the most common oppurtunistic infections, followed by oral thrush (13%), Herpes zoster (10%), Molluscum Contagiosum (9%), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (3%), Parvovirus infection (3%) and Pruritic Papular Eruptions (2%). 70% children were on ART as per clinical and immunological staging of HIV.Conclusions: Low CD4 count is significantly associated with severe opportunistic infections, therefore drop in CD4 count should serve as an alarming signal for the treating physician. High index of suspicion is required to detect opportunistic infections and therefore CD4 counts should be done more frequently to predict occurrence of OIs. 

scholarly journals Co-infection by Cryptococcus neoformans fungaemia and Non tuberculous Mycobacterium together with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Subahi ◽  
safwan aljafar ◽  
haidar barjas ◽  
Mohamed Abdelrazek ◽  
Fatima Rasoul
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Opportunistic infections are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Co-infections with Cryptococcus neoformans together with Mycobacterium and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) are rare, and typically occur in immunocompromised individuals, particularly AIDS patients.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on Oral Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
Vaishnavi Chandak ◽  
Priyanka Paul Madhu ◽  
Kumar Gaurav Chhabra ◽  
Amit Reche ◽  
Raksha Tijare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Respiratory Disorder ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Health Deterioration ◽  
Heavy Dose

In December 2019 an outbreak of COVID19 occurred which is a severe acute respiratory disorder. Many succumbed to this global pandemic and many are still fighting the after effect of it. The virus directly affects the immune system especially of lungs. Therefore, the people who already have compromised immunity are at the very risk. The first symptoms to appear in COVID19 patients are ageusia and anosmia while treating the COVID19 patient’s certain practices are followed which aid in rapid oral health deterioration like oxygen mask, ventilators, heavy dose of medicines. Certain medicines used in treatment also precipitate poor oral health like bleeding gums, oral ulceration and dry mouth are the most common oral health problems faced after COVID19 recovery. COVID directly affects the immune system thereby making way for opportunistic infections like mucormycosis. Mucormycosis offers a severe burden on oral and general health affecting the standard of living and cause death in severe cases. Sinusitis, Periodontitis, black staining across the bridge of nose and sinus, localized discomfort and unbearable diplopia and refractive errors along with embolism and necrosis are seen in mucormycosis patients. Treatment of mucormycosis consists of surgery and replacement of lost structures Patients with compromised immunity need to take proper precautions during and after COVID.

Fact or Fiction: Does the Non-HIV/AIDS: Immunosuppressed Patient Need Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia Prophylaxis? An Updated Literature Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parbeer Grewal ◽  
Alain Brassard
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patient ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Wegener Granulomatosis ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Immunosuppressive Medications ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is a potentially fatal fungal infection occurring in immunocompromised patients. Objective: To determine whether PJP prophylaxis is required in the non-human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) immunocompromised patient and, if so, the optimal prophylactic therapy. Methods: A thorough literature review, with the appropriate MeSH terms, was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and The Cochrane Database. A number of cases describing PJP in patients with various systemic diseases and immunosuppressive medications, along with a Cochrane review, were highlighted. Results: Although there are a number of case reports in the literature, the only collagen vascular disease with an increased incidence of PJP is Wegener granulomatosis. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole continues to be the prophylaxis of choice for PJP. Conclusion: There is currently no evidence to recommend PJP prophylaxis in the non-HIV/AIDS immunocompromised population. If physicians do decide to use prophylaxis, they should always weigh the benefits with the potential risks. Further studies are needed to better quantify the risks of PJP with immunosuppressive medications.

scholarly journals POS0885 HIGH INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI INFECTION IN ANTI-MDA5-ANTIBODY POSITIVE DERMATOMYOSITIS: EXPERIENCE FROM A SINGLE CENTER

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 698.2-699
Author(s):  
Q. Yan ◽  
S. Chen ◽  
L. Huang ◽  
Q. Fu ◽  
Y. Ye
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
High Incidence

Background:Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) was associated with a significantly higher risk of opportunistic infections that including Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia(PJP) which is potentially fatal opportunistic infection. However, no prior studies have evaluated the PJP infection in subtypes of IIM.Objectives:To investigate the incidence rate and mortality rate of PJP infection in subgroups of IIM patients according to myopathy specific antibodies.Methods:In the first part, we reviewed 463 consecutive patients with IIM retrospectively to analyze incidence of PJP infection. In the next part, we enrolled 30 consecutive PJP infection patients with any rheumatic disease was to identify the mortality rate and risk factors. Kaplan-Meier curve with log rank test was used to access differences in survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors using Cox regression.Results:We found that 12(7.5%) PJP cases occurred in 160 anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM patients, while only two (0.7%) PJP cases were found in 303 anti-MDA5-ab-negtive DM/PM patients(P < 0.05). PJP infection typically happened in the first two months of the treatment for anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM patients who have a significant decrease in the CD4+ T cell counts and Lymphocyte counts (P < 0.05). Only two (16.7%) anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM patients recover from PJP, with lethally higher mortality than those PJP infection with other rheumatic diseases (83.3% vs. 38.9%, P < 0.05). We found no association between the time to anti-PJP treatment and treatment outcomes in anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM; yet we confirmed in PJP infection with other rheumatic diseases that anti-PJP treatment within 6 days crucially increased the survival (P < 0.05).Conclusion:PJP infection has alarming high incidence and mortality in anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM patients. Unlike PJP infection with other rheumatic diseases, timely treatment for PJP doesn’t improve the prognosis of this particular subtype. Therefore, the necessity of further study of PJP prophylaxis treatment in anti-MDA5-ab-positive DM patients is verified.References:[1]Hsu CY, et al. Comparing the burdens of opportunistic infections among patients with systemic rheumatic diseases: a nationally representative cohort study. ARTHRITIS RES THER 2019, 21(1):211.Acknowledgements:The authors thank Dr. An Sun,Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals The unmasking of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia during reversal of immunosuppression: case reports and literature review

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan KL Wu ◽  
Vincent CC Cheng ◽  
Bone SF Tang ◽  
Ivan FN Hung ◽  
Rodney A Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia

scholarly journals Granulomatous Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia in an HIV-Positive Patient on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Diagnostic Challenge

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Montserrat Diaz-Abad ◽  
Kathryn S. Robinett ◽  
Anayansi Lasso-Pirot ◽  
Teklu B. Legesse ◽  
Mariam Khambaty
Keyword(s):  
Core Needle Biopsy ◽  
Needle Biopsy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Core Needle ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-related Opportunistic Infections (OI), including Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), have become much less commonplace with anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Despite this, OIs are still common and it is important to remain vigilant for their presence and be aware of how ART and OI chemoprophylaxis may lead to atypical disease presentations. We present the case of a 51-year-old woman with HIV and CD4+ T helper lymphocytes cell count > 200 cells/ul on both ART and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis who presented with cavitating lung masses, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pleural effusions. Negative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial biopsy (TBBx) prompted a second diagnostic procedure with a transthoracic core needle biopsy; the final diagnosis was granulomatous PCP. This case showcases a very rare presentation of PCP, with both large cavitating lung masses on imaging and granulomatous reaction on pathology, as well as the challenge of a potentially missed diagnosis with negative BAL and TBBx requiring transthoracic core needle biopsy for a final diagnosis.

scholarly journals Respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients (review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
I. B. Viktorova ◽  
V. N. Zimina ◽  
S. Yu. Degtyareva ◽  
A. V. Kravtchenko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia

The review presents information on epidemiology, clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations of infectious and malignant respiratory diseases in HIV-infected patients.The data on the most common infections (communityacquired pneumonia, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) and malignant diseases (Kaposhi’s sarcoma, lymphomas) as well as less frequent diseases (CMV-infection, MAC-infection, fungal pneumonias) are presented.The article contains facts about the incidence of pulmonary diseases according to the severity of HIV-associated immunodeficiency. This review also presents current information on the diagnostic criteria, treatment regimens and secondary prophylaxis for HIV-associated respiratory infections and malignancies. The specialties of ART initiation in definite cases of opportunistic infections and ART assignment during the diagnostic period are highlighted.The growing number of HIV-infected patients and the wide spectrum of possible pulmonary diseases argue the need for optimal clinical approach to HIV-infected patients with respiratory lesions for various physicians (general practitioners, pulmonologists and phthisiatricians). 

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