scholarly journals The Development of Mucosal Immunization as an Alternative Approach for Production of Antisera Against Saw Scale Viper from Sindh

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Zameer Ahmed ◽  
Sambreen Zameer ◽  
Shaheen Sharafat ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Khanani
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Venom Toxin

  The reported cases of snake bite are 5.4 million per year, making the serious envenoming issue so, that WHO categorises cases of snake bite in neglected tropical diseases. Anti snake venom is produced by intramuscular injection of crude venom with different formulation of adjuvants to equine animals, but these intramuscular injections have several serious health impact in equine. Snake species categorised according to geographical locations, and there is a different composition of the snake venom at different locations. So, this research had been designed and evaluated new oral adjuvant formulation for viper family of Sindh, Pakistan. This is a animal immune based analysis consisting two Saw scale viper from Thar and costal area of Sindh because both have different habitat and morphological appearance. The venom toxin protein, combined with a mineral oil adjuvant for oral immunization. The adjuvant with venom via oral route produced of specific IgG and horse give maximum response with three doses of venom. The antibody titer was measured by ELISA showed significant results in both groups. For confirmation of specific antibodies isolated from horse serum, serum neutalization assay and immunodiffusion test were carried out. The snake venom with oral adjuvant immunization, is safe, efficient and time saving for production of equine Immunoglobulins IgG.    

Anti-Ophidian Properties of Herbal Medicinal Plants: Could it be a Remedy for Snake Bite Envenomation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhamay Panda ◽  
Leena Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Herbal Medicinal ◽  
Health Organization

Snake bite envenoming causes high rates of morbidity and mortality and is one of the serious health-related concerns all over the globe. Around 3200 species of snakes have been discovered till date. Amid these species, about 1300 species of snakes are venomous. On account of its severity, World Health Organization (WHO) recently included snakebite envenoming in the list of neglected tropical diseases. Immunotherapy has partially solved the issues related to snakebite envenomation. However, it is associated with numerous adverse effects, due to which alternative treatment strategies are required for the treatment of snakebite. Traditionally, a large repository of herbal medicinal plants is known to possess activity against snake venom. An exploration of the therapeutic benefits of these medicinal plants used for the treatment of snakebites reveals the presence of various potential phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to provide an outline regarding poisonous snakes all over the world, various compositions of snake venom, adverse effects related to anti-snake venom and numerous medicinal plants used for the anti-ophidian activity.

A rare case of Panophthalmitis due to cobra bite

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110497
Author(s):  
Suganeswari Ganesan ◽  
Aditi Ashok Kumar Agarwal ◽  
Krishnakumar Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Venom Toxin ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Male Farmer ◽  
Snake Venom Toxin ◽  
Indirect Injury

Purpose Ocular manifestations of snake bite are rare, ranging from direct injury to the eye from snake venom or indirect injury due to antivenom. We report a rare case of cobra bite causing panophthalmitis due to indirect injury as a result of snake venom toxin related tissue necrosis and susceptibility to secondary infections. Methods Observational case report. External photographs, slit lamp photos, ultrasonography of the eye and histopathology of the eviscerated eye were used to characterize and describe the clinical findings. Thirty-nine-years-old male farmer presented with history of cobra snake bite on his right index finger and developed right eye sudden onset pain and redness 3 days later. On examination, features were suggestive of panophthalmitis and the eye had to be eviscerated with scleral excision. Conclusion It is important for ophthalmologist to be aware of such grave consequences of snake bite to be prepared for the emergency management of such cases.

Impairment of Platelet Aggregation by Echis colorata Venom Mediated by L-Amino Acid Oxidase or H2O2

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (03) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Nathan ◽  
A Dvilansky ◽  
T Yirmiyahu ◽  
M Aharon ◽  
A Livne
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Hemostatic Disorders

SummaryEchis colorata bites cause impairment of platelet aggregation and hemostatic disorders. The mechanism by which the snake venom inhibits platelet aggregation was studied. Upon fractionation, aggregation impairment activity and L-amino acid oxidase activity were similarly separated from the crude venom, unlike other venom enzymes. Preparations of L-amino acid oxidase from E.colorata and from Crotalus adamanteus replaced effectively the crude E.colorata venom in impairment of platelet aggregation. Furthermore, different treatments known to inhibit L-amino acid oxidase reduced in parallel the oxidase activity and the impairment potency of both the venom and the enzyme preparation. H2O2 mimicked characteristically the impairment effects of L-amino acid oxidase and the venom. Catalase completely abolished the impairment effects of the enzyme and the venom. It is concluded that hydrogen peroxide formed by the venom L-amino acid oxidase plays a role in affecting platelet aggregation and thus could contribute to the extended bleeding typical to persons bitten by E.colorata.

One-pot hydrazide-based native chemical ligation for efficient chemical synthesis and structure determination of toxin Mambalgin-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (44) ◽  
pp. 5837-5839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Pan ◽  
Yao He ◽  
Ming Wen ◽  
Fangming Wu ◽  
Demeng Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Native Chemical Ligation ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Chemical Ligation ◽  
Venom Toxin ◽  
Snake Venom Toxin ◽  
Switch Strategy

An efficient one-pot chemical synthesis of snake venom toxin Mambalgin-1 was achieved using an azide-switch strategy combined with hydrazide-based native chemical ligation.

scholarly journals Two pathways for venom toxin entry consequent to injection of an Australian elapid snake venom

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk F. van Helden ◽  
Peter J. Dosen ◽  
Margaret A. O’Leary ◽  
Geoffrey K. Isbister
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Venom Toxin

scholarly journals Venomics and Cellular Toxicity of Thai Pit Vipers (Trimeresurus macrops and T. hageni)

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supeecha Kumkate ◽  
Lawan Chanhome ◽  
Tipparat Thiangtrongjit ◽  
Jureeporn Noiphrom ◽  
Panithi Laoungboa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Monocytic Cells ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Species Specific

The two venomous pit vipers, Trimeresurus macrops and T. hageni, are distributed throughout Thailand, although their abundance varies among different areas. No species-specific antivenom is available for their bite victims, and the only recorded treatment method is a horse antivenom raised against T. albolabris crude venom. To facilitate assessment of the cross-reactivity of heterologous antivenoms, protein profiles of T. macrops and T. hageni venoms were explored using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. The results show that 185 and 216 proteins were identified from T. macrops and T. hageni venoms, respectively. Two major protein components in T. macrops and T. hageni venoms were snake venom serine protease and metalloproteinase. The toxicity of the venoms on human monocytes and skin fibroblasts was analyzed, and both showed a greater cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts than monocytic cells, with toxicity occurring in a dose-dependent rather than a time-dependent manner. Exploring the protein composition of snake venom leads to a better understanding of the envenoming of prey. Moreover, knowledge of pit viper venomics facilitates the selection of the optimum heterologous antivenoms for treating bite victims.

scholarly journals The mechanism of Ca2+ releasing action of a snake venom toxin in sarcoplasmic reticulum

1992 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Kaori Funayama ◽  
Ken-Ichi Furukawa ◽  
Yoshiteru Ohshima ◽  
Anthony T. Tu ◽  
Yasushi Ohizumi
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Venom Toxin ◽  
Snake Venom Toxin

P-788 The snake venom toxin taipoxin confers specific toxicity to smallcell lung cancer cell lines

Lung Cancer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. S326-S327
Author(s):  
T. Poulsen ◽  
N. Pedersen ◽  
M. Pedersen ◽  
H. Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Lung Cancer Cell ◽  
Venom Toxin ◽  
Snake Venom Toxin

scholarly journals Antivenom Neutralization of Coagulopathic Snake Venom Toxins Assessed by Bioactivity Profiling Using Nanofractionation Analytics

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfang Xie ◽  
Julien Slagboom ◽  
Laura-Oana Albulescu ◽  
Ben Bruyneel ◽  
Kristina B. M. Still ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Neutralization Capacity ◽  
Venom Toxins ◽  
Coagulation Assay ◽  
Deinagkistrodon Acutus

Venomous snakebite is one of the world’s most lethal neglected tropical diseases. Animal-derived antivenoms are the only standardized specific therapies currently available for treating snakebite envenoming, but due to venom variation, often this treatment is not effective in counteracting all clinical symptoms caused by the multitude of injected toxins. In this study, the coagulopathic toxicities of venoms from the medically relevant snake species Bothrops asper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, Deinagkistrodon acutus, Daboia russelii, Echis carinatus and Echis ocellatus were assessed. The venoms were separated by liquid chromatography (LC) followed by nanofractionation and parallel mass spectrometry (MS). A recently developed high-throughput coagulation assay was employed to assess both the pro- and anticoagulant activity of separated venom toxins. The neutralization capacity of antivenoms on separated venom components was assessed and the coagulopathic venom peptides and enzymes that were either neutralized or remained active in the presence of antivenom were identified by correlating bioassay results with the MS data and with off-line generated proteomics data. The results showed that most snake venoms analyzed contained both procoagulants and anticoagulants. Most anticoagulants were identified as phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) and most procoagulants correlated with snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and serine proteases (SVSPs). This information can be used to better understand antivenom neutralization and can aid in the development of next-generation antivenom treatments.

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