scholarly journals An Investigation of Juvenile Gang Membership and Psychopathic Behavior: Evidence from Multilinear Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Solomon Osho ◽  
Justin Joseph ◽  
Julian Scott ◽  
Michael Adams
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gang Membership ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Multilinear Analysis ◽  
Gang Affiliation ◽  
Collection Period

<p>The extant literature provides evidence that gang involvement increases and individuals propensity to perpetrate antisocial behavior. Furthermore, it has been empirically support that criminal involvement increases and individuals like-hood of experiencing victimization. Antisocial personality disorder is described as engaging in aggressive behavior that is socially unacceptable; irresponsible, impulsive behavior; merged with impaired ability to empathize with victims; indifference to social norms, and frequent substance abuse (Cox, Edens, Magyar, &amp; Lilienfeld, 2013; Lilienfeld &amp; Arkowitz, 2007). Therefore, it is logical to deduce that gang affiliation also increases the probability of victimization amongst juveniles, which has been supported by by several authors. Furthermore, considering the symptomology associated with conduct disorder and operational defiant disorder it is probable that gang membership and victimization may have a critical role in the externalization of this psychological disorders symptoms. To examine this question we utilize data gathered by the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T) program which consists of (N=5,935) eight grade students from 42 different schools. These schools are located in: Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. The metropolitan regions the subjects reside during the data collection period are: Omaha, Las Cruces, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Torrance, Orlando, Pocatello, Will County, Kansas City, Providence, and Milwaukee. The results, limitations, and implications of the study will be discussed later.</p>

Youth Gangs and Definitional Issues: When is a Gang a Gang, and Why Does it Matter?

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn-Aage Esbensen ◽  
L. Thomas Winfree ◽  
Ni He ◽  
Terrance J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Middle School Students ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Gang Membership ◽  
Youth Gangs ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gang Affiliation ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
Restrictive Definition

The recent explosion in gang research has highlighted the importance of consistent definitions for gang affiliation and gang-related crime. Definitional questions have assumed greater significance in the wake of broad-ranging prevention and intervention strategies. In this article, the authors utilize a sample of approximately 6,000 middle-school students to examine the youth gang phenomenon using five increasingly restrictive membership definitions. The least restrictive definition includes all youth who claim gang membership at some point in time. The most restrictive definition includes only those youth who are current core gang members who indicate that their gang has some degree of organizational structure and whose members are involved in illegal activities. The authors examine the differentially defined gang and nongang youths on various demographic characteristics, theretical factors, and levels of self-reported crime. The authors also address the theoretical and policy implications of shifting definitions of gang membership.

scholarly journals Enhancing Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Tamilnadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
S Thangamayan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gender Orientation ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control

Rural women play a critical role in the rural economies of both developed and developing countries. This alludes to country women’s impression of their situation in the family just as in-network. From the Gender and Development viewpoint, the reason for women’s absence of admittance to land is situated in auxiliary imbalances concerning work jobs and frameworks of possession. Gender orientation and Development scholars accept that women ought not to be essentially outfitted with occupations yet ought to be legitimately engaged to possess and control their property. Incountry territories, women are included more in family unit exercises contrasting with metropolitan regions; thus, they are not in any event, getting chances for essential examinations including social exercises and spending for things they wan unreservedly. While the women living in metropolitan urban communities just as more modest urban areas can distinguish themselves with any women connected program or join a development associated with women and can want to partake in that for their advantage, the metropolitan rustic separation and disengage in India keeps similar advantages from arriving at the women people living in our towns. Another significant disadvantage and distinction between both the classifications of women are that the dominant part of women in provincial India as of now, in the age section of 35-65 years, have been avoided any type of formal education. Women in metropolitan territories have more equivalent sex inclinations and more prominent impact in every day homegrown and life course choices than women in rustic regions. Women living in metropolitan territories additionally are bound to report at the same time young lady or equivalent inclination and a more noteworthy state in choices about children.

scholarly journals Hurricane Model Development at GFDL: A Collaborative Success Story from a Historical Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 1725-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris A. Bender ◽  
Timothy Marchok ◽  
Robert E. Tuleya ◽  
Isaac Ginis ◽  
Vijay Tallapragada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Environmental Modeling ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ◽  
Federal Organizations ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Environmental Prediction ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe hurricane project at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) was established in 1970. By the mid-1970s pioneering research had led to the development of a new hurricane model. As the reputation of the model grew, GFDL was approached in 1986 by the director of the National Meteorological Center about establishing a collaboration between the two federal organizations to transition the model into an operational modeling system. After a multiyear effort by GFDL scientists to develop a system that could support rigorous requirements of operations, and multiyear testing had demonstrated its superior performance compared to existing guidance products, operational implementation was made in 1995. Through collaboration between GFDL and the U.S. Navy, the model was also made operational at Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center in 1996. GFDL scientists continued to support and improve the model during the next two decades by collaborating with other scientists at GFDL, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC),1 the National Hurricane Center, the U.S. Navy, the University of Rhode Island (URI), Old Dominion University, and the NOAA Hurricane Research Division. Scientists at GFDL, URI, and EMC collaborated to transfer key components of the GFDL model to the NWS new Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF) that became operational in 2007. The purpose of the article is to highlight the critical role of these collaborations. It is hoped that the experiences of the authors will serve as an example of how such collaboration can benefit the nation with improved weather guidance products.

scholarly journals A History of Wrong Site Surgery in Rhode Island

2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Robert S. Crausman ◽  
Bruce McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wrong Site Surgery ◽  
Wrong Side ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Wrong Site

ABSTRACT Wrong site, side and patient surgeries continue to occur with alarming frequency. Increasing attention to the critical role of patient safety systems and a culture of safety are important. However, the individual professionals and the boards that regulate them are also important. As the patient safety movement has evolved so has our state medical board's response to wrong site, side and patient surgeries. Between 1998 and 2008 the Rhode Island Board of Medical Licensure and Discipline investigated reports of 10 wrong side, site and patient surgeries or procedures. Four were neurosurgeries, two orthopedic and one each gynecologic, ENT, ophthalmologic and vascular.

scholarly journals “For Me, They Were the Good Old Days”: Retrospective Narratives of Childhood Experiences in ‘the Gang’

Genealogy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Dev Rup Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Gang Membership ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Gang Involvement ◽  
Formative Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Outreach Workers ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Gang Affiliation

Much of the existing scholarship on gang membership predominantly focuses on adolescence as being the formative time period for the development of gang identities; however, there has thus far been more limited attention towards the childhood experiences of gang members, (i.e., pre-adolescence). The organising principle of this paper is to articulate the retrospective accounts of gang members’ childhoods, and how these recollections form a central role to the emergence of gang identities. The data presented in this paper were collected during fieldwork in two adult, men’s prisons in England; interviews were conducted with 60 active and former prison gang members, identified through prison databases; a small number (n = 9) of interviews were conducted with ‘street’ participants, such as ex-offenders, outreach workers and gang researchers. This paper aims to show that many gang members romanticise accounts of their childhoods, in spite of often having experienced adverse childhood experiences:, so too do many gang members view their childhood experiences as part of their mythologised narrative of life in ‘the gang’. Nevertheless, a tension exists between how gang members seek to portray their childhood experiences around gangs and the negative labelling and strain they experienced during their childhood; often, romanticised accounts seek to retrospectively neutralise these harms. In so doing, the lens through which childhood gang membership is viewed is one which conceptualises childhood gang involvement as being something non-deleterious, thus acting as a lens that attempts to neutralise the harms and vicissitudes of gang affiliation.

scholarly journals Inhibition of impulsive action by projection-defined prefrontal pyramidal neurons

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 17278-17287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Li ◽  
Thao Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Chenyan Ma ◽  
Yang Dan
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Impulsive Action ◽  
Related Activity

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in curbing impulsive behavior, but the underlying circuit mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here we show that a subset of dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) layer 5 pyramidal neurons, which project to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia, play a key role in inhibiting impulsive responses in a go/no-go task. Projection-specific labeling and calcium imaging showed that the great majority of STN-projecting neurons were preferentially active in no-go trials when the mouse successfully withheld licking responses, but lateral hypothalamus (LH)-projecting neurons were more active in go trials with licking; visual cortex (V1)-projecting neurons showed only weak task-related activity. Optogenetic activation and inactivation of STN-projecting neurons reduced and increased inappropriate licking, respectively, partly through their direct innervation of the STN, but manipulating LH-projecting neurons had the opposite effects. These results identify a projection-defined subtype of PFC pyramidal neurons as key mediators of impulse control.

Emotion Dysregulation in Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 259-280
Author(s):  
Carla Sharp ◽  
Timothy J. Trull
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies

This chapter discusses adolescent Borderline Personality Disorder, which is characterized by instability in moods, self-image and behavior, often leading to impulsive behavior and unstable interpersonal relationships. Theoretical and clinical research recognizes the critical role emotions play, making it a quintessential emotion regulation disorder. Additionally, theories emphasize that family environment and/or attachment style are influencing factors in the development of poor emotion regulation competencies. Theories align suggesting reciprocal relationships between emotion dysregulation and alternative domains of functioning. A multi-component model of BPD has been posited theorizing emotion sensitivity (inherent from birth) exacerbates experiences of negative stimulus leading to heightened levels of negative affect making it difficult to learn and implement adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Consequently, dysregulation occurs, which reinforces the bias towards negative stimuli. Currently, six BPD interventions exist, three are evidenced in randomized controlled studies; including Dialectical behavior therapy, Helping Young People Early program and Mentalization-based treatment.

Prison gangs in Iran: Between violence and safety

Incarceration ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 263266632110052
Author(s):  
Nahid Rahimipour Anaraki
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Correctional Officers ◽  
Gang Membership ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Prison Gangs ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Theoretical Sampling ◽  
Gang Affiliation

This article aims to bridge the gap in our knowledge about Iranian prisons and the sociodynamic relations that animate them by illuminating the characteristics and activities of prison gangs in Iran. The interaction between gang affiliation and drug networks, security and violence will be discussed in detail. The in-depth qualitative research, which is informed by grounded theory, serves as the first academic study of gangs in Iranian prisons. Research participants included 38 males and 52 females aged 10–65 years. They were recruited in several different settings, both governmental and non-governmental organizations. The study employed theoretical sampling and in-depth, semi-structured interviewing. Results show that gang-affiliated inmates in Iranian prisons gain monopoly over the drugs market inside prison networks, which leads to inevitable extortion of both prisoners and correctional officers. Gang affiliation blurs the lines between violence and safety, while providing a sense of identity, belonging and financial and emotional support. Prison gang membership also offers some benefits to prisoners and staff, as their existence underpins an informal social order that can be used to govern prisoners. The article discusses this less well-known and unexplored dimension of the topic.

Dexamethasone Effect on Embryonic Chick Respiratory Epithelium

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
M.R. Richter ◽  
R.V. Blystone
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Synthetic Analogs ◽  
Lung Physiology ◽  
Avian Lung

Dexamethasone and other synthetic analogs of corticosteroids have been employed clinically as enhancers of lung development. The mechanism(s) by which this steroid induction of later lung maturation operates is not clear. This study reports the effect on lung epithelia of dexamethasone administered at different intervals during development. White Leghorn chick embryos were used so as to remove possible maternal and placental influences on the exogenously applied steroid. Avian lung architecture does vary from mammals; however, respiratory surfactant produced by the lung epithelia serves an equally critical role in avian lung physiology.

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