Nematode Parasites of Red Sokoto Goats (Capra hircus) Slaughtered at Trans-Amadi and Rumuokoro Abattoirs, Rivers State, Nigeria

Helminths are common parasitic fauna of goats. This study was aimed at identifying and quantifying the gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Red Sokoto goats slaughtered at Trans-Amadi and Rumuokoro abattoirs, Rivers State, Nigeria. Fifty intestinal tracts were examined at each location accounting for a total of 100 samples from both locations. Samples were weighed and dissected; direct microscopy was used to examine samples for adult helminths and test-tube floatation technique was used to examine organic matter from samples for parasite eggs. Nematodes were identified using keys and fixed in 70% alcohol. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection were computed; product moment correlation and Student t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Two nematode parasites were identified- Haemonchus contortus and Trichuris ovis. In Trans Amadi, prevalence and mean intensity of infection were 46.0% and 13 parasites/infected host, respectively for H. contortus, and 54.0% and 11 parasites/infected host for T. ovis. In Rumuokoro, prevalence of 38.0% and 52.0% were computed for H. contortus and T. ovis, respectively, while the mean intensity were 6 and 8 parasites/infected host, respectively for H. contortus and T. ovis. Single infection with Trichuris ovis was higher (30% Trans Amadi; 34% Rumuokoro) than either single infection with H. contortus or double infection with both parasites. There was a significant correlation between the parasite burden and intestinal mass at Trans-Amadi (r48=0.33, P0.05=0.279), but not at Rumuokoro (r48=0.10, P0.05=0.279). The total prevalence and prevalence of single and double infection at both locations did not differ significantly (t3=0.93, p=0.21). Agricultural extension and meat inspection services should be carried out regularly to educate farmers on the symptoms, impacts, treatment and management of helminth parasites.

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Helminth parasites of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (L.)) in Newfoundland

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z81-294 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 59 (11) ◽

pp. 2172-2176 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael D. Rigby ◽

William Threlfall

Keyword(s):

Alimentary Tract ◽

Parasite Species ◽

Parasite Burden ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Ondatra Zibethicus ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Concurrent Infections ◽

Water Ph ◽

First Time ◽

Species Being

One hundred and fourteen muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus (L.)), collected between September 1977 and January 1979 in three areas of insular Newfoundland, were examined for helminths, with 11 species being found (7 Digenea, 2 Cestoda, and 2 Nematoda). Diplostomum mergi was recovered from a mammal for the first time. Distribution along the alimentary tract was examined and all helminths recovered preferred the proximal 60% of the small intestine, except Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis and Trichostrongylus calcaratus, which preferred the caecum. Adult and immature muskrats showed differences in the prevalence and intensity of infection and the adults also had larger concurrent infections. In only one case, namely Hymenolepis evaginata, was a parasite species more prevalent in one sex (the males). Small seasonal differences in prevalence and (or) intensity of infection were noted for some parasites and were related to differences in parasite burden of adult and immature hosts and water temperature. A difference in the occurrence of Digenea between sample areas was related to water pH and hardness.

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Helminth parasites of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from southern Indiana, USA

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x11000034 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 38-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. Moraga ◽

J.M. Kinsella ◽

M.S. Sepúlveda

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Parasitic Diseases ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Terrapene Carolina ◽

Box Turtles ◽

Eastern Box Turtles ◽

Terrapene Carolina Carolina

AbstractVery little is known about parasitic diseases of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). The objective of this study was to examine the parasitic fauna of eastern box turtles collected from southern Indiana, USA. Turtles (n = 40) were salvaged mostly as road kills from southern Indiana between May and October 2009. Seven species of helminths in total were found parasitizing the gastrointestinal tract, including two digenean trematodes (Brachycoelium salamandrae and Telorchis robustus) and five nematodes (Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Cosmocercoides dukae, Falcaustra affinis, F. chelydrae and Serpinema trispinosus). We report prevalence, abundance and mean intensity of infection for all helminths. Helminths were not found in any other organs examined (heart, gonads, liver, heart, kidney and urinary bladder) and no ectoparasites were found. Overall, mean intensity of infections was low (1–14 parasites/host), suggesting that these parasites are unlikely to be associated with negative health impacts. This constitutes the first study of this kind for Indiana.

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Variation in the sex ratio of Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Spirurida: Rhabdochonidae) in Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), relative to levels of infection, host size and temperature

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x11000010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 41-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Golestaninasab ◽

M. Malek ◽

B. Jalali ◽

I. Mobedi

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Drainage Basin ◽

Parasite Burden ◽

Host Size ◽

Site Preference ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Fish Intestine ◽

Host Sex ◽

Different Parts

AbstractIn the present study, 81 specimens of Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Keyserling, 1861) were collected from the Shiroud River, the Caspian drainage basin, Iran in June and October 2007. The fish were examined for infection with the nematode Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Dinnik, 1933). Nematodes were counted and sexed, then the sex ratio and intestinal site preference of the R. fortunatowi individuals and the intersexual interactions of the parasites were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence and intensity of infection in relation to host size and sampling season, but not host sex. Parasite burden (mean intensity) was higher in October than in June and the results revealed a decrease in female-to-male sex ratio (FMR) in the fish in October compared to the ones in June. In other words, as the mean intensity of infection of R. fortunatowi increases, the proportion of male worms increases, too. The female-biased sex ratio in June was replaced by a male-biased one in October. Nematode distribution rose to a significant peak in the mid-region of the fish intestine relative to the anterior and posterior parts. Some changes in the distribution of male and female worms in different parts of the host intestine were also observed during June and October. Density-dependent selection and intersexual competition seem to be the main factors driving such a shift in the sex ratio and its variation in different parts of the host intestine.

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Ethnoveterinary plant preparations as livestock dewormers: practices, popular beliefs, pitfalls and prospects for the future

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1079/ahr2005099 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 91-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

John B. Githiori ◽

Johan Höglund ◽

Peter J. Waller

Keyword(s):

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Traditional Healers ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Nematode Parasites ◽

Internal Parasites ◽

The Future ◽

Livestock Health

AbstractEthnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists throughout the world and internal parasites are recognized by these communities as having an impact on livestock health. Parasitic infections are among those infections that traditional healers confidently treat and against which an enormous variety of remedies exist. Many of these are based on the use of plant preparations. Although various methods have been used for the validation of traditional phytomedical preparations, there is a lack of standardization of these procedures. The present study is aimed at providing an overview of ethnoveterinary deworming preparations, the various methods that have been used in their validation and the future prospects for their use against helminth parasites of ruminant livestock in developing countries, with an emphasis on nematode parasites. Recommendations are made on the procedures that should be followed to conduct in vivo and in vitro assays. Fostering better interaction between traditional healers and scientists is advocated to prevent harmful overexploitation, both of local knowledge and of plant species that may have effects against nematode parasites.

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A quantitative study of the helminth parasites of the Newfoundland short-finned squid, Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (LeSueur) (Cephalopoda:Decapoda)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z68-155 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1087-1093 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth L. Brown ◽

William Threlfall

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Study ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Standard Length ◽

New Records ◽

Parasite Burden ◽

Late Summer ◽

Eastern Coast ◽

Published Data ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Host Animal

Ommastrephid squid of the subspecies Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (LeSueur) were obtained during the late summer and early autumn of 1966 and 1967 from numerous areas around the eastern coast of the island of Newfoundland. Helminths of five genera were found, namely, Phyllobothrium sp. and Dinobothrium plicitum (both of which had previously been recorded from this host), Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Scolex polymorphus, and Nybelinia sp. The last three represent new records from this ommastrephid. The incidence of these parasites was tested for correlation with standard length and with sex of the host animal. Annual and seasonal variations in degree of infection were also noted. The greatest number of procercoids encountered were Dinobothrium plicitum. Degree of infection with helminths in 1966 and 1967 was similar (39%:40%) and contrary to earlier published data, infection by cestodes is not always directly correlated with mantle length. Any possible relations between sex of the squid and parasite burden are unclear.

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The regulation ofOstertagia ostertagipopulations in calves: density-dependent control of fecundity

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000057814 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 373-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

G. Smith ◽

B. T. Grenfell ◽

R. M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Worm Burden ◽

Egg Production ◽

Inverse Function ◽

Single Infection ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Density Dependent ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Initial Peak ◽

Infection Experiments

SUMMARYThe decline in faecal egg counts, characteristic of calves which have been experimentally infected withOstertagia ostertagi, is analysed using a mathematical model in which parasite fecundity is assumed to be an inverse function of both the duration and intensity of infection. The model incorporates a description of the frequency distribution of mature parasites between hosts (which is less over-dispersed than is usual for many other helminth infections). The model provides a good overall description of the decline in faecal egg production observed during trickle and single infection experiments. The main discrepancy between a comparison of the model predictions and the results of the most detailed available series of trickle infection experiments occurs at the initial peak of egg production. The magnitude of this difference appears to be related to the worm burden at the peak of egg production. The possible mechanisms underlying density-dependent regulation of the fecundity ofO. ostertagiaare discussed.

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Seasonal variation of Mastophorus muris (Nematoda: Spirurida) in the water vole Arvicola amphibius from southern Sweden

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x18000937 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 94 ◽

Author(s):

B. Neupane ◽

A.L. Miller ◽

A.L. Evans ◽

G.E. Olsson ◽

J. Höglund

Keyword(s):

Generalized Linear Model ◽

Functional Group ◽

Stomach Contents ◽

Water Vole ◽

Model Output ◽

Southern Sweden ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Arvicola Amphibius ◽

Formed Part

AbstractThis study focused on the spirurid nematode Mastophorus muris in water voles (Arvicola amphibius) trapped in three regions in southern Sweden during spring and fall 2013. The collection of water voles formed part of a larger project (EMIRO) on the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in rodents. The voles’ stomach contents were examined for the presence of M. muris. Prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of infection were calculated. A generalized linear model model was used to examine the effects of sex, functional group, season and region on the number of M. muris individuals in each vole. Forty-seven of 181 (26%) voles were infected with M. muris, with up to 74 worms each. The overall mean intensity (worms per infected vole) was 15 (95% CI 10–21), and abundance (mean number of worms in all voles) was 4 (95% CI 2–6). Model output indicated a significant effect of season and region with respect to abundance of nematode infection, which was independent of sex and functional group of the investigated host.

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Parasitism of Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 and Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1814 by Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) Metacercariae in the Taquari river

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842005000300017 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 513-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. T. Silva-Souza ◽

G. Ludwig

Keyword(s):

Condition Factor ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Expected Value ◽

Yellow Spot ◽

Total Weight ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Spot Disease ◽

Relative Condition Factor ◽

Clinostomum Complanatum

The infection, known as yellow spot disease, produced by metacercariae of Clinostomum spp. was studied in fishes of the Taquari river, located in Jataizinho, Paraná State, Brazil. A total of 1,582 specimens, belonging to 36 species, were collected between March 1999 and April 2001. Yellow spot disease was observed only in Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1814 (Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae) and Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983 (Perciformes, Cichlidae). This parasitism was generated by metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) (Digenea, Clinostomidae). Among the 88 specimens of G. carapo examined, 7 (prevalence = 8%) had cysts of the parasite. Four of them were captured in July 1999 and three in October 1999. In the other months, no specimen found was infected. Using relative condition factor (Kn) analysis, it was determined that both infected and non-infected specimens had a total weight equal to the theoretically expected value for each total length (Kn = 1.0). Among 56 individuals of Cichlasoma paranaense, 6 (prevalence = 10.7%) had between 1 and 27 metacercariae of C. complanatum (mean intensity of infection = 9.3 ± 9.6). In March 1999 and April of both 2000 and 2001, the specimens examined were not infected. The infected fish had a total weight higher than the expected value (Kn > 1.0), while the non-infected fish had a weight equal to the expected value (Kn = 1.0).

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Interaction of Arsenophonus with Wolbachia in Nilaparvata lugens

10.21203/rs.2.19699/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Huifang Guo ◽

Na Wang ◽

Hongtao Niu ◽

Dongxiao Zhao ◽

Zhichun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

The Other ◽

Single Infection ◽

Double Infection ◽

Infection Incidence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Geographic Populations ◽

Different Populations ◽

Symbiont Species ◽

Antagonistic Interactions

Abstract Background Co-infection of endosymbionts in the same host is ubiquitous, and the interactions of the most common symbiont Wolbachia with other symbionts, including Spiroplasma et al., in invertebrate organisms have received increasing attention. However, the interactions between Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, another widely distributed symbiont in nature, are poorly understood. We tested the co-infection of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus in different populations of Nilaparvata lugens and investigated whether co-infection affected the population size of the symbionts in their host. Results A significant difference was observed in the co-infection incidence of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus among 5 populations of N. lugens from China, with nearly half of the individuals in the Zhenjiang population harbouring the two symbionts simultaneously, and the rate of occurrence was significantly higher than that of the other 4 populations. The Arsenophonus density in the superinfection line was significantly higher only in the Maanshan population compared with that of the single-infection line. Differences in the density of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were found in all the tested double-infection lines, and the dominant symbiont species varied with the population only in the Nanjing population, with Arsenophonus the overall dominant symbiont. Conclusions Wolbachia and Arsenophonus could coexist in N. lugens, and the co-infection incidence varied with the geographic populations. Antagonistic interactions were not observed between Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, and the latter was the dominant symbiont in most populations.

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Intensity of Nematode Infection in Children Aged 3 to 5 Years Living in Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/4124808 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lynda Allan ◽

Fiona N. Mbai ◽

Dorcas S. Yole ◽

Moses Owino

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Infection Intensity ◽

Nematode Infection ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Number Of Children ◽

The Status ◽

Severe Infections ◽

Stool Samples

Background. The burden of nematode infections is high mostly in children below 5 years old, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to painful symptoms due to severe infections that end up suppressing the immune system of the infected children. The occurrence of these infections is highest in areas of extreme poverty. This study evaluated the intensity of nematode infections and assessed the status of deworming in children aged 3 to 5 years living in Mukuru slum settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya. Methodology. A total of 172 children aged between 3 and 5 years were sampled across the 5 major villages of Mukuru Slum settlement: Kwa Njenga, Vietnum, Wapewape, Kwa Reuben, and Motomoto. Community health workers administered questionnaires on the deworming history of children. Stool samples were collected, macroscopically examined, and microscopically analysed using Kato-Katz technique to assess the intensity of infection. The intensities of nematode infections were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces. Results. The point prevalence of nematode infection among the 98 children in the 1st sampling was 25.5% with a mean infection intensity of 5424 epg, whereas among the 74 children sampled in 2nd sampling, 47.3% had nematode infection with a mean infection intensity of 12384 epg. The average nematode infection for the 172 participants was 34.9% with a mean intensity of 17808 epg. The highest number of children infected with nematodes was in the village of Wapewape where 34 participants were examined and 36.3% were infected with a mean intensity of 3216 epg. Kwa Reuben and Vietnum villages had the same prevalence values of 32.4% where 34 participants in each village had a mean intensity of 3624 epg and 4512 epg, respectively. In both samplings, more than 80% of children had been dewormed more than 6 months prior to the study. Ascaris lumbricoides was the only species of intestinal nematodes identified to be present in the stool samples of children in this study, whereas Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections were found to be absent. The intensity of infection was not dependent on age or gender.

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