Traditional medicinal plant species belonging to Fabaceae family in Ethiopia: A systematic review

There are approximately 213 families of flowering plants in Ethiopia and among them 92 families contain species with medicinal properties. However, there is no compiled information that comprehensively expresses which plant species belong to each family. In the present review, a total of 127 medicinal plant species belonging to Fabaceae family and used to treat various human and livestock diseases were reported from 62 articles (53 published and 9 unpublished journals). Calpurnia aurea (26.7%) and Millettia ferruginea (11.8%) were among the most frequently cited species of Fabaceae followed by Trigonella foenumgraecum (11.02%). The highest numbers of species of Fabaceae (62 species) were reported from Southern Nation Nationalities Peoples (SNNP) region, and 58 species were from Oromia region. Regarding growth habit, the majority were shrubs (43 species) followed by tree (39 species) and herbs (38 species). The frequently used plant parts were leaves (19.7%) roots (17.3%) and the whole plant (16.5%). 40.5 % of the prepared medicinal plant remedies of Fabaceae were administered through the oral methods in different regions of the country. The most commonly treated health problems by species of Fabaceae were: snake bites (25 species), evil eye (19 species) and wounds (18 species) in various regions of the country. From the finding, it was concluded that Fabaceae family is providing a diverse medicinal plant species for the treatment of different human and livestock health care systems in Ethiopia. Thus, further research activities on phytochemical characterization and conservation would be suggested for better utilization from this family.

Comparative analysis of two NGS platforms and different databases for analysis of AMR genes

The use of antibiotics in human medicine and livestock production has contributed to the widespread occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recognizing the relevance of AMR to human and livestock health, it is important to assess the occurrence of genetic determinants of resistance in medical, veterinary, and public health settings in order to understand risks of transmission and treatment failure. Advances in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have had a significant impact on research in microbial genetics and microbiome analyses. Now, strategies for high throughput sequencing from panels of PCR amplicons representing known AMR genes offer opportunities for targeted characterization of complex microbial populations. Aim of the present study was to compare the Illumina MiSeq and Ion Torrent S5 Plus sequencing platforms for use with the Ion AmpliSeqTM AMR Research Panel in a veterinary/public health setting. All samples were processed in parallel for the two sequencing technologies, subsequently following a common bioinformatics workflow to define the occurrence and abundance of AMR gene sequences. Regardless of sequencing platform, the results were closely comparable with minor differences. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), QIAGEN Microbial Insight - Antimicrobial Resistance (QMI-AR), Antimicrobial resistance database (AR), and CARD-CLC databases were compared for analysis, with the most genes identified using CARD. Drawing on these results we describe an end-to-end workflow for AMR gene analysis using NGS.

Keratinases as Versatile Enzymatic Tools for Sustainable Development

To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.

The Oleaginous Yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima Displays Killer Activity against Avian-Derived Pathogenic Bacteria

Metschnikowia pulcherrima is a non-conventional yeast with potential to be used in biotechnological processes, especially those involving low-cost feedstock exploitation and biocontrol applications. The combination of traits that supports these industrial applications in M. pulcherrima also makes it an attractive option to study in the context of livestock health. In this study, we examined the specific interactions between M. pulcherrima and multiple avian pathogenic bacteria. We tested individual bacteria–yeast interactions and bacterial combinations in both solid and liquid media and in variable nutrient environments. Across multiple isolates of M. pulcherrima, we observed different levels of antimicrobial activity, varying from supporting the growth of competing bacteria through suppression and bacterial killing, and we found that these responses varied depending on the bacterial strains and media. We identified multiple molecular routes, including proteins produced by M. pulcherrima strains, that acted to control these microbial interactions. Furthermore, protein screening revealed that M. pulcherrima strains were induced to produce proteins specifically when exposed to bacterial strains, suggesting that fine-tuned mechanisms allow M. pulcherrima to function as a potential lynchpin in a microbial community.

PENYULUHAN MASTITIS SUBKLINIS DAN KEGIATAN UJI CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST PADA SAPI PERAH DI KOPERASI UNIT DESA KECAMATAN NGANCAR, KABUPATEN KEDIRI, JAWA TIMUR

Subclinical mastitis is an inflammation of the udder that often attacks livestock, especially milk-producing livestock. The impact of the subclinical mastitis losses is quite large, including a drastic decrease in the quantity and quality of milk, but no pathological changes were found in cows. The Karya Bhakti Village Unit Cooperative (VUC) is a center for milk production in the Kediri Regency which accommodates dairy cows' milk products from people's farms in the Kediri Regency. The low awareness of farmers in the management of livestock health care and hygiene results in low productivity and quality of milk and the high incidence of subclinical mastitis. This encourages counseling about subclinical mastitis. The socialization method used for counseling were carried out by presenting material about subclinical mastitis with lecture techniques (power point slides), videos about the method of early detection of subclinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT), conducting demonstrations of testing milk samples using the CMT method and discussion about the material that has been delivered as an indicator of the success of counseling. This series of counseling activities is an effort to reduce the incidence of subclinical mastitis through increasing public knowledge and understanding. This activity also has a positive impact by reducing infectious diseases, especially subclinical mastitis in livestock so that the health of livestock and products from livestock will also be guaranteed both in terms of quality and quantity.Keywords: mastitis, subclinical mastitis, cows, Counseling, CMTAbstrakMastitis subklinis merupakan radang ambing yang sering menyerang hewan ternak khususnya ternak penghasil susu. Dampak kerugian mastitis subklinis diantaranya penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas susu secara drastis, namun tidak ditemukan adanya perubahan patologis pada sapi. Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) Karya Bhakti merupakan KUD yang menjadi sentra penghasil susu di Wilayah Kabupaten Kediri yang menampung hasil susu sapi perah dari peternakan – peternakan rakyat di Wilayah Kabupaten Kediri. Rendahnya kesadaran peternak dalam manajemen kesehatan ternak dan hiegienitas kandang mengakibatkan rendahnya produktivitas dan kualitas susu serta masih tingginya angka kejadian mastitis subklinis. Angka kejadian mastitis subklinis yang tinggi ini mendorong untuk dilakukan penyuluhan mengenai mastitis subklinis. Metode sosialisasi yang digunakan untuk penyuluhan adalah menggunakan alat peraga berupa slide power point yang berisikan materi mastitis subklinis, video metode deteksi dini mastitis subklinis menggunakan California Mastitis Test(CMT), demonstrasi CMT pada sampel susu serta tanya jawab seputar materi yang telah disampaikan sebagai salah satu indikator keberhasilan penyuluhan. Rangkaian kegiatan penyuluhan ini sebagai upaya untuk menekan angka kejadian mastitis subklinis melalui peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat. Kegiatan ini juga memberikan dampak positif dengan menurunnya penyakit infeksi khususnya mastitis subklinis pada hewan ternak sehingga kesehatan hewan ternak dan produk asal hewan ternak juga akan terjamin baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitasnya.Kata Kunci: mastitis, mastitis subklinis, sapi perah, penyuluhan, CMT

Penyuluhan Manajemen Kesehatan, Reproduksi, Sanitasi Kandang, dan Pengobatan Massal Ternak Kambing

Province of Lampung has a strategic opportunity for the development of ruminants because of the availability of natural resources that support it. One type of ruminant livestock is goat. People's goat farming is now widespread but the conditions of maintenance management are not optimal. Constraints that are still often faced by goat farmers are in terms of lack of knowledge on handling reproductive disorders and livestock health, cage sanitation that is not in accordance with regional geographical conditions and the lack of assistance for livestock treatment obtained. The Community Service Team Scheme Beginner Lecturers of BLU University of Lampung 2020 through counseling related to health management, reproduction and pen sanitation as well as mass treatment of goats were aims to increase knowledge and how to raise conventional people's livestock to be science-based. The target of the activity was goat breeders in Kota Agung Village, South Sungkai District, North Lampung Regency. Methods of activity, namely 1) Extension of health management, reproduction, and sanitation for goat sheds; 2) Implementing a pen sanitation program with cleaning and disinfection of the pen; and 3) Health checks and mass treatment. Activity measurement parameters to determine the response of extension participants to the implementation of community service activities by comparing changes in values in the initial evaluation (pre-test) and the final evaluation (post-test). Service activities were 1) 31 goat farmers was attending the counseling; 2) Mass treatment activities were carried out on 232 goats; and 3) Pen sanitation activities were carried out at 31 goat pen with the results of the evaluation of activities, namely the level of breeders' knowledge on the goat health knowledge increased by 54.02%; the reproductive knowledge increased by 26.77%; and the pen sanitation knowledge increased by 52.33% after the activities were implemented. Conclusion of the overall activities had a very large positive impact on farmers.

Impacts from Wildfires on Livestock Health and Production: Producer Perspectives

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity across the Western United States. However, there is limited information available on the impacts these fires are having on the livelihood of livestock producers and their animals. This work presents the results of a survey evaluating the direct and indirect impacts of the 2020 wildfire season on beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goat, producers in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Seventy completed surveys were collected between May and July 2021. While dairy producers reported no direct impacts from the fires, beef, sheep, and goat producers were impacted by evacuations and pasture lost to fires. Only beef producers reported losses due to burns and burn-associated deaths or euthanasia. Dairy, beef, sheep, and goat producers observed reduced conception, poor weight gain, and drops in milk production. All but dairy producers also observed pneumonia. Lower birthweights, increased abortion rates, and unexplained deaths were reported in beef cattle, sheep, and goats. This work documents the wide-ranging impacts of wildfires on livestock producers and highlights the need for additional work defining the health impacts of fire and smoke exposure in livestock, as well as the policy changes needed to support producers experiencing direct and indirect losses.

“He Who Relies on His Brother's Property Dies Poor”: The Complex Narratives of Livestock Care in Northern Tanzania

Background: Endemic zoonoses have important impacts for livestock-dependent households in East Africa. In these communities, people's health and livelihoods are severely affected by livestock disease losses. Understanding how livestock keepers undertake remedial actions for livestock illness has the potential for widespread benefits such as improving health interventions. Yet, studies about livestock and human health behaviours in the global south tend to focus on individual health choices. In reality, health behaviours are complex, and not solely about individualised health experiences. Rather, they are mediated by a range of “upstream” factors (such as unequal provision of services), which are beyond the control of the individual.Methods: This paper presents qualitative research conducted from 2014 to 2019 for a study focused on the Social, Economic, and Environmental Drivers of Zoonoses in Tanzania (SEEDZ). Qualitative data were collected via focus group discussions, community meetings, informal interviews, formal in-depth interviews, observations and surveys that addressed issues of health, disease, zoonotic disease risks, and routes for treatment across 21 villages. Thematic analysis was carried out on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Conceptual analyses and observations were made through application of social science theories of health.Findings: Livestock keepers undertake a range of health seeking strategies loosely categorised around self and formal treatment. Two key themes emerged that are central to why people make the decisions they do: access to resources and trust in health care providers. These two issues affect individual sense of agency which impacts their ability to act to improve livestock health outcomes. We suggest that individual choice and agency in veterinary health seeking decisions are only beneficial if health systems can offer adequate care and health equity is addressed.Significance: This study demonstrates the value of in-depth qualitative research which reveals the nuance and complexity of people's decisions around livestock health. Most importantly, it explains why “better” knowledge does not always translate into “better” practise. The paper suggests that acknowledging and addressing these aspects of veterinary health seeking will lead to more effective provision.